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美駐華大使在北京大學(xué)的英語(yǔ)演講稿
It’s interesting to note because when you put U.S.-China relations in proper context in history, it reads like a roller coaster. Caleb Cushing was sent over here by John Tyler because there was great concern that the British were getting way too much out of their trading relationship with China.
有趣的是，當(dāng)你把美中關(guān)系放到適當(dāng)?shù)臍v史背景中觀察的話，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它像一輛過(guò)山車。約翰泰勒把凱萊布顧圣派到這里來(lái)，是因?yàn)橛?guó)從與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易關(guān)系中所得甚多，引起了美國(guó)的極大關(guān)切。
You’ll remember the first Opium War, right? 1837 to 1842. 1842 resulted in the Treaty of Nanjing which opened up several important ports – Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai, and one old Canton port. Trade facilitation was achieved. They lowered tariffs and they also dealt with Hong Kong, as you will recall, which later was dealt with a little differently. It was an open-ended agreement in 1842 and it later became quite specific, a 99 year lease in, I think, 1897 or 1898.
你們會(huì)記得第一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，是不是?從1837年到1842年。1842年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)簽訂了《南京條約》，開放若干重要口岸——廈門、福州、寧波、上海和舊稱Canton的廣州港。促進(jìn)貿(mào)易的目的達(dá)到了。條約規(guī)定降低關(guān)稅，你們還會(huì)記得，還涉及香港問(wèn)題，后來(lái)的處理方式有些不同。1842年時(shí)，這是一項(xiàng)沒有期限的協(xié)議，后來(lái)，我想是在1897年或1898年加以具體化，即規(guī)定了99年的租期。
The U.S. was very concerned about this agreement between the UK and China, which resulted after the first Opium War. President Tyler sent over Caleb Cushing, my colleague a long time ago, and he negotiated another treaty called the Treaty of Wangxia, which essentially gave the United States more of a level playing field with the UK. It similarly opened up a lot of ports forcommerce and for trade facilitation, but it also achieved a sense of extraterritoriality, the first ever, which meant that American citizens would be treated under U.S. law if they found themselves in trouble in China, which was quite unique and novel in those days, back when Ambassadors and Consuls General had enormous power over setting both trade policy for the United States, so on and so forth.
美國(guó)對(duì)英中之間作為第一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果簽訂的這項(xiàng)協(xié)議非常關(guān)切。泰勒總統(tǒng)派來(lái)一個(gè)人，擔(dān)任我現(xiàn)在的職務(wù)，他通過(guò)談判與中國(guó)簽訂了被稱作《望廈條約》的另一項(xiàng)條約，實(shí)質(zhì)上給予美國(guó)更多的與英國(guó)平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的條件。如同《南京條約》那樣，《望廈條約》也開放了很多通商口岸，方便了貿(mào)易活動(dòng)，而且還有史以來(lái)首次授予某種治外法權(quán)，也就是說(shuō)，如果美國(guó)公民在中國(guó)與他國(guó)國(guó)民發(fā)生紛爭(zhēng)，他們將根據(jù)美國(guó)法律得到處理，這在當(dāng)時(shí)是一種非常獨(dú)特和新奇的情況，當(dāng)時(shí)，駐外大使和總領(lǐng)事對(duì)確定美國(guó)的貿(mào)易政策等等握有巨大的權(quán)力。
So the roller coaster ride continued up and down.
這樣，過(guò)山車?yán)^續(xù)上下飛轉(zhuǎn)。
Now we sit with a large complicated relationship that is multi-faceted, that covers virtually every foreign policy issue imaginable, and one that my President, Barack Obama, has asked to be handled in a positive, collaborative and comprehensive fashion.
現(xiàn)在我們面對(duì)著一個(gè)巨大復(fù)雜的多層面關(guān)系，基本上涵蓋了外交政策上可以想到的每一個(gè)問(wèn)題�？偨y(tǒng)要求我們以積極、合作和全面的方式進(jìn)行處理。
[At a meeting in the Oval Office of the White House, President Obama] began to lay out his vision of the U.S.-China relationship, which he described as being something that he wanted to see as positive, collaborative and comprehensive, for reasons that we discussed thereafter. He said I think the headline issues really need to be the global economy, climate change and clean energy, and regional security, because those are the issues that affect not just the two countries, not just the region, but also the world, and we are the only two countries today that together can solve these issues. No one else can. I said, Mr. President, I think we can do that. I think we can achieve that in our relationship. It won’t be easy. We’ll have our ups and our downs, the roller coaster like I described earlier, but I think that’s achievable.
[在白宮橢圓形辦公室的一次會(huì)議上總統(tǒng)] 開始描述他對(duì)于美中關(guān)系前景的規(guī)劃，他說(shuō)他想看到的是一種積極、合作和全面的關(guān)系，其理由我們將在下面討論。他說(shuō)最主要的問(wèn)題必定是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)、氣候變化、清潔能源，以及地區(qū)性安全，因?yàn)槟切﹩?wèn)題不僅影響美中兩國(guó)及地區(qū)，而且影響全世界。此外，我們是當(dāng)今唯一能合力解決這些問(wèn)題的兩個(gè)國(guó)家。沒有任何其他國(guó)家能夠做到。我說(shuō)，總統(tǒng)先生，我想我們能夠做到。我相信我們能夠通過(guò)兩國(guó)關(guān)系實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)。那不會(huì)很容易，我們將碰到波折起伏，就像我先前形容過(guò)的過(guò)山車一樣，但是我相信目標(biāo)是能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。
So when President Obama stepped off his plane in Shanghai just a few days ago in a verydriving and cold rain – I was standing out on the tarmac and my shoes became waterlogged pretty quickly, and I didn’t take an extra pair of shoes, so I was quite cold that night – he arrived and found what he had hoped for, I believe: a relationship that by and large is entering a period where our focus will be more and more on global issues that the two of us increasingly can problem solve around. He also landed to find that despite our differences, and we have our differences, we are moving in a direction that is positive, collaborative, and comprehensive.
于是當(dāng)總統(tǒng)幾天之前冒著寒冷的傾盆大雨在上海走下飛機(jī)的時(shí)候——我站在露天停機(jī)坪上，我的鞋很快就灌滿了水，我也沒有帶替換的鞋子。那天晚上真是冷極了——我覺得他在抵達(dá)后看到了他希望看到的：一種整體而言正在進(jìn)入一個(gè)新階段的關(guān)系，在這個(gè)階段上我們的重點(diǎn)越來(lái)越集中在全球問(wèn)題上。我們雙方越來(lái)越能共同解決種種問(wèn)題。他抵達(dá)之后也發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管我們有分歧，我們確有分歧，但我們正在朝著一個(gè)積極、合作、全面的方向前進(jìn)。
Now while the President was here – I just want to add by giving you a sense of what was left behind – he talked more about the Pacific Ocean as something that no longer divides us, but something that we are bound by, and that the U.S.-China relationship should work in a way that meets our challenges, knowing full well that no one nation alone can meet the multiple challenges of the 21st century.
總統(tǒng)在這里訪問(wèn)期間——我只想向你們補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一下其后的影響——他更多地談到太平洋不再是將我們分割開來(lái)的屏障，而是將我們聯(lián)系在一起的紐帶，美中關(guān)系應(yīng)當(dāng)在迎接共同挑戰(zhàn)的道路上發(fā)展，要明確認(rèn)識(shí)到?jīng)]有一國(guó)能獨(dú)自迎接21世紀(jì)的重重挑戰(zhàn)。
I would encourage all of you to take a look at the nine pages of detail that were part of the joint statement that was hammered out between both sides in the many days leading up to the visit. In it you will find key areas, which are the focus of cooperation, including global economic recovery; regional crises in Iran, Korea, Afghanistan and Pakistan; non-proliferation; climate change and energy – four sections. Read through it sometime if you really want to get an on where this relationship is going.
我建議在座各位都讀一讀那份九頁(yè)長(zhǎng)的內(nèi)容詳盡的聯(lián)合聲明，我們雙方在此次訪問(wèn)前經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間磋商才達(dá)成這份聯(lián)合聲明。你們?cè)诼暶髦袝?huì)看到作為合作重點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域，其中包括全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇;伊朗、北韓、阿富汗及巴基斯坦等地區(qū)危機(jī);核不擴(kuò)散;氣候變化及能源等四個(gè)領(lǐng)域。如果你們的確想了解這一關(guān)系走向的最新動(dòng)態(tài)，有時(shí)間的話不妨閱讀全文。
We’ll have an opportunity in just a few short months to convene the next round of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue right here in Beijing, which will allow us again to get a check on the relationship to see how things are going, based upon having achieved a positive atmosphere that’s important to begin implementing and executing other things that together we can do.
幾個(gè)月后，我們將有機(jī)會(huì)在北京舉行下一輪戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話，屆時(shí)可以評(píng)估這一關(guān)系，看看進(jìn)展如何，而目前已出現(xiàn)積極氣氛，這對(duì)開始履行和實(shí)施其他我們能夠共同實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)意義重大。
So part of [President Obama's] visit resulted in a few important things that I’m going to point out. First, military to military exchanges, something that we haven’t seen much of for over a year now. The increase in officers going back and forth; the increase in search and rescue operations; the ability for junior officers to engage in important exchanges; and for us to communicate more openly about our intentions, promoting transparency, which is mighty important between our two countries today.
因此，我要說(shuō)明[總統(tǒng)的]此次訪問(wèn)所取得的幾項(xiàng)重要成果。首先是軍隊(duì)間的相互交流，這是我們一年來(lái)見得不多的情況。軍官往來(lái)增多;搜救行動(dòng)增加;下級(jí)軍官能夠參與重要的交往;我們就我們的意圖更加公開地進(jìn)行交流，提高透明度，這在今天對(duì)于我們兩國(guó)非常重要。
Second, facilitating a bilateral mechanism for people-to-people and cultural exchanges, which is what many of you are part of. Now I can think of few things more important than this onebecause if we’re really going to take the U.S.-China relationship seriously, you have to ensure that the next generation coming up is given the opportunities to study and to engage in exchanges, to learn languages, and to have a better opportunity to investigate a system that is foreign to Americans and our system which is very foreign to Chinese students here. So by getting 100,000 more U.S. students [to China] over the next four years – this won’t be easy, to be sure, but it’s doable – I think it could be one of the more important lasting legacies of this year in U.S.-China relations.
第二，增進(jìn)人民及文化交往的雙邊機(jī)制，而我們?cè)S多人正是這種交往的一部分。我能想到的比這更重要的事情實(shí)在不多，因?yàn)椋绻覀兇_實(shí)認(rèn)真對(duì)待美中兩國(guó)關(guān)系的話，就必須確保下一代人有研習(xí)、參加交流和學(xué)語(yǔ)言的機(jī)會(huì)，有更多的機(jī)會(huì)考察了解對(duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)陌生的制度，以及對(duì)這里的中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)非常陌生的美國(guó)制度。因此，通過(guò)在今后四年再[向中國(guó)]輸送100,000 名美國(guó)學(xué)生——這肯定不容易，但可以做到——我想，這會(huì)是今年在美中關(guān)系史上留下的較為重要的長(zhǎng)期貢獻(xiàn)之一。
Third, on climate change, we may have some differences on how hard and how fast certaincommitments play out over the short term, but both sides recognize the importance of dramatically reducing carbon emissions by mid-century and finding new energy conservation measures. The Danish proposal was always discussed, having been put forward by Prime Minister Rasmussen, that includes a peer review feature that we feel is very important.
第三，在氣候變化問(wèn)題上，我們可能對(duì)具體承諾在短期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生效果的強(qiáng)度和速度存在一些分歧，但是雙方都認(rèn)識(shí)到要在本世紀(jì)中期大幅度降低碳排放并找到能源保護(hù)新措施的重要性。由丹麥?zhǔn)紫嗬鼓律岢龅姆桨敢恢倍荚谟懻撝�，我們認(rèn)為其中包括的同行評(píng)議環(huán)節(jié)非常重要。
Fourth, clean energy. Aside from the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Centers, which have been written about and talked about for some weeks now, there were several new initiatives in the areas of electric vehicles and clean building energy efficiency.
第四，清潔能源。除了過(guò)去幾周來(lái)廣受議論與報(bào)道的美中清潔能源研究中心之外，在電動(dòng)車和清潔建筑能效方面還有幾項(xiàng)新舉措。
People just stumble over these things. Just take that one area, for example. Clean building energy efficiency. When you stop to consider that China over the next ten years will be building more in the way of commercial office space than we have in our total inventory in the United States, you get some sense of how important this is and what an important contribution it could be if done right to global emissions over the next many years. We’re also going to promote an energy partnership on shale gas resources as well as work to promote technologies and cooperation on large-scale carbon gas sequestration projects.
這都是生活中常見的。僅以其中的清潔建筑能效為例：當(dāng)你停下來(lái)思考一下，中國(guó)在未來(lái)十年將興建的商業(yè)辦公設(shè)施會(huì)超過(guò)我們?cè)诿绹?guó)的這類設(shè)施的總面積，就知道這個(gè)方面有多重要，如果做法得當(dāng)，中國(guó)在未來(lái)多年將為減少全球排放量作出多么重要的貢獻(xiàn)。我們也會(huì)提倡頁(yè)巖氣資源的能源合作關(guān)系，并致力于推動(dòng)大規(guī)模碳封存項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)與合作。
Fifth, on nuclear proliferation, we’re going to pursue ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; negotiations are going to be launched on the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty; and China has agreed to actively participate in preparation for the April 2010 Nuclear Safety Summit.
第五，就核武器擴(kuò)散而言，我們將致力于促使《全面禁止核試驗(yàn)條約》獲得批準(zhǔn);并將就《裂變材料禁產(chǎn)條約》展開談判;中國(guó)也已同意積極參與定于2010年4月舉行的核安全峰會(huì)的籌備工作。
Sixth, on the global economic crisis, the two Presidents were quite outspoken that what has emerged from this crisis and our joint cooperation was essential in weathering the early storms. Much of what both countries did was not public or visible in the early days of the crisis, but we did end up with good stimulus packages, reassured the markets, and stabilized bonded credit systems.
第六，關(guān)于全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，兩國(guó)首腦都對(duì)這場(chǎng)危機(jī)的后果直言不諱，并闡明了雙方的合作對(duì)于挺過(guò)早期風(fēng)暴至關(guān)重要。兩國(guó)采取的行動(dòng)在危機(jī)初期大多沒有公開或并不醒目，但是我們確實(shí)推出了良好的刺激方案，重建了市場(chǎng)信心，并穩(wěn)定了抵押信貸系統(tǒng)。
But we need to keep in mind that the new global economic order that emerges in the aftermath of the crisis that we are experiencing will look very different from the one that preceded it, which means recognizing the limits of depending primarily on American consumers and Asian exports to drive growth.
但我們應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)記，在這場(chǎng)我們尚未走出的危機(jī)的影響下形成的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序?qū)⑴c原有秩序完全不同，我們必須認(rèn)識(shí)到主要依賴美國(guó)消費(fèi)者和亞洲的出口產(chǎn)品來(lái)刺激增長(zhǎng)的局限性。
The new strategy of balanced economic growth in America means more saving and lessspending; reforming our financial system; reducing our long term deficit; exporting more; and in the process, creating more and better paying jobs and committing to an open market all the while.
美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)平衡經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的新戰(zhàn)略意味著增加儲(chǔ)蓄并減少開支;改革美國(guó)的金融體系;減少我們的長(zhǎng)期赤字;增加出口;在這個(gè)過(guò)程中創(chuàng)造更多薪酬更高的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)并始終保持市場(chǎng)開放。
In China, the new strategy of economic growth means higher standards of living for workers and consumers through greater choice in the market place, improved infrastructure, a modern financial structure, better housing, quality health care, and a more fully developed social safety net that Premier Wen Jiabao mentioned just the other day as being critically important to the economic transition that is now underway.
在中國(guó)，實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的新戰(zhàn)略意味著提高勞動(dòng)者與消費(fèi)者的生活水平，具體途徑是在市場(chǎng)中增加選擇機(jī)會(huì)，使各種基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施得到改善，使金融結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)代化，改善住房條件，提供高質(zhì)量的醫(yī)療服務(wù)以及總理在前一天剛提到的一個(gè)更加全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)，他認(rèn)為這個(gè)社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)對(duì)于現(xiàn)在正在實(shí)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型至關(guān)重要。
There is every reason to think that on China will succeed, and that its extraordinary record of accomplishment over the last 30 years can be sustained. And there is every reason to think America will once again regain its preeminent role as an American powerhouse. You see, we are a nation that responds well to adversity. I think we’re going to look back on the last few years as a period that allowed us to change course and to look anew at our priorities in the future.
我們完全有理由相信中國(guó)將會(huì)成功，中國(guó)近30年來(lái)創(chuàng)造的非凡業(yè)績(jī)將會(huì)保持下去。我們也完全有理由相信，美國(guó)將再次贏得美利堅(jiān)強(qiáng)國(guó)的卓越地位。你們知道， 我們是一個(gè)善于迎逆境而起的國(guó)家。我想我們將來(lái)回顧這幾年時(shí)，會(huì)把這段時(shí)間視為促使我們改變方針、從新的角度審視我們今后各項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)的時(shí)期。
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