學(xué)習(xí)英語的方法總結(jié)
1．What is language for? Some people seem to think it is for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words--the longer the words the better. That’s wrong. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication.
語言到底是用來干什么的呢？一些人認(rèn)為它是用來操練語法規(guī)則和學(xué)習(xí)一大堆單詞——而且單詞越長越好。這個(gè)想法是錯(cuò)誤的。語言是用來交換思想，進(jìn)行交流溝通的！
2. The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible.
學(xué)習(xí)一門語言的方法就是要盡量多地練習(xí)說。
3. A great man once said it is necessary to drill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become.
一位偉人曾說，反復(fù)操練是非常必要的，你越多的將所學(xué)到的東西運(yùn)用到實(shí)際生活中，他們就變的越自然。
4．Listening and imitating should always go together. Use the LIP method! Listen－Imitate－Practice!
聽和模仿一定要同時(shí)做，使用“LIP”方法：聽、模仿、操練！
5. Use all your senses to learn English. You must hear English, read English, touch English, smell English, and taste English. Feel English with your heart. Immerse yourself in this language. Begin to think in English.
運(yùn)用一切感官學(xué)習(xí)英語。你必須聽英語、說英語、觸摸英語、聞?dòng)⒄Z，還要嘗嘗英語的味道。用心去感受英語。讓自己沉浸在這門語言當(dāng)中。學(xué)會(huì)用英語思考。
6. Relax! Be patient and enjoy yourself. Learning foreign languages is just a piece of cake.
放輕松！要有耐心，并且享受英語帶來的樂趣！學(xué)習(xí)外語只不過是小菜一碟。
7. Rome wasn’t built in a day. Work harder and practice more. Your hardworking will be rewarded by God one day. God is equal to everyone!
冰凍三尺，非一日之寒。更加努力的學(xué)習(xí)，更加勤奮的操練，你所付出的一切將會(huì)得到上帝的報(bào)答，上帝是公平的。
8. Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly. Keep a small English dictionary with you at all time. When you see a new word, look it up. Think about the word--use it. in your mind, in a sentence.
經(jīng)常使用字典和語法指南。隨身攜帶一本小英文字典，當(dāng)你看到一個(gè)新字時(shí)就去查閱它，思考這個(gè)字——然后學(xué)著去用它，在你的心中，在一個(gè)句子里。
9. Try to think in English whenever possible. When you see something, think of the English word of it; then think about the word in a sentence.
一有機(jī)會(huì)就努力去用英文來思考�？吹侥呈聲r(shí)，想想它的英文單詞；然后把它用到一個(gè)句子中去。
10. Practice tenses as much as possible. When you learn a new verb, learn its various forms.A thousand words will not leave so an deep impression as one deed.
盡可能多的操練時(shí)態(tài)。學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，要學(xué)習(xí)它的各種形態(tài)。千言萬語不如一個(gè)行動(dòng)
11. I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language. When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language.
我想學(xué)習(xí)和了解更多關(guān)于語言背后的文化知識，當(dāng)你理解了文化背景，你就能更好地運(yùn)用語言。
12．Keep an English journal.Try to write a 高二 few sentences about your day and then blurt them out as many times as possible before you go to sleep. This will teach you to “think” in English. This habit will also help you live a move organized and fruitful life. Besides, you will score higher on your composition exams!
堅(jiān)持寫英語日記。寫幾個(gè)句子描述一下你的一天，然后在睡覺前盡可能多地大聲操練。這個(gè)方法可以教會(huì)你用英語“思考”。這個(gè)習(xí)慣還可以幫助你生活得更有條理、更有成效。此外，考試時(shí)作文你也可以拿更高的分！
13．Choose materials that interest you! Reading about things that you like will naturally make learning more enjoyable and efficient. Everything is easier if you enjoy doing it!
選擇讓你感興趣的資料！閱讀你喜歡的東西自然會(huì)使學(xué)習(xí)變得更愉快、更有效。你喜歡做，事情就會(huì)更容易！
14．Make your friends proud by teaching them some English sentences. You can become an excellent teacher through tutoring your friends. Teaching is a great way to learn! Also remember, learning English can make people happier, feel younger and live longer!
教你的朋友們英語，讓他們感到驕傲。教朋友的過程中你會(huì)成為一名出色的老師。教學(xué)是學(xué)習(xí)的極好途徑！別忘了，英語學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)讓人更快樂、更年輕、活得更長久！
15．Don’t be afraid to ask for help. The more times you ask for help, the more powerful your English will become. Never hesitate to ask! Learn as much as you can from as many different people as you can! An eager student will always find a teacher!
不要害怕尋求幫助。你請求別入幫越多的忙，你的英語就會(huì)越厲害。不要猶豫，盡管發(fā)問！盡可能從不同的人身上學(xué)到更多的東西！求知欲強(qiáng)的學(xué)生總是會(huì)找到老師！
16．Keep English constantly in your mind by listening, speaking of reading every day! Constant exposure will make it much easier to master this language. If you review only once a week, you will have a hard time remembering what you’ve learned.
每天聽，每天說，每天讀，讓英語時(shí)刻留在你腦中！持續(xù)的接觸會(huì)讓你更容易掌握這門語言。如果你只是一個(gè)星期復(fù)習(xí)一回，要記住你學(xué)的東西就太難了。
17．Keep a positive attitude about English. If you think of English as a burden, it will be one! If you think of English as fun and exciting, you will practice more often and make progress more quickly!
學(xué)英語要有積極的態(tài)度。如果你認(rèn)為英語是個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)，它就是個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)！如果你認(rèn)為英語有趣又刺激，你就會(huì)更經(jīng)常地練習(xí)，進(jìn)步得更快！
18．Learning any language takes a lot of effort, but never give up. We will hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope！
學(xué)習(xí)任何語言都是需要花費(fèi)很多努力，但絕不要放棄。從絕望中尋找希望，人生終將輝煌！
英語閱讀理解題出錯(cuò)原因_課外閱讀
【摘要】“英語閱讀理解題出錯(cuò)原因”文中是編者為大家整理的有關(guān)英語閱讀文章，希望對大家有所幫助：
閱讀理解題答案與干擾項(xiàng)關(guān)系的分析
正確的選項(xiàng)往往是命題人員把閱讀材料的內(nèi)容或信息用不同的語言形式再現(xiàn)出來。一般而言，答案項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾種方法：(1) 選用原文中的詞句;(2) 使用原文詞句的同義詞或相似結(jié)構(gòu);(3) 使用原文詞句的反義詞或相反結(jié)構(gòu);(4) 答案項(xiàng)是對生詞、長句或難旬的解釋;(5) 答案項(xiàng)是對原文詞句或段落的歸納、
推理或演繹;(6) 使用原文的上下義結(jié)構(gòu)，如用“科學(xué)”涵蓋“計(jì)算機(jī)、航天、發(fā)明、電子”等概念。
干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置通常有以下幾種方式：
1. 張冠李戴
命題者把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來，題干問的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點(diǎn);或者題干問的是他人的觀點(diǎn)，卻把作者的觀點(diǎn)放到選項(xiàng)中去。
以2006年全國卷I第60題“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City______.”為例。此題乍看C項(xiàng)“to pay at the cash register”和D項(xiàng)“to have more gas for his car”都對，因?yàn)樵闹杏羞@么一句“While I Was standing in line at the cash register，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas”。很明顯作者是停下來付款加油時(shí)，偶遇一對老夫婦并問好，似乎選項(xiàng)C和D本身都沒錯(cuò)，但題干問的是“作者計(jì)劃在俄克拉荷馬市逗留的原因”，如果考生沒有理解題干，就會(huì)誤選C項(xiàng)或D項(xiàng)。正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為A項(xiàng)“to visit a friend”。
2. 偷梁換柱
干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個(gè)詞匯，造成句意的改變。
以2006年全國卷I第57題“It can be inferred that greyhounds_______. ”為例。此題乍看應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)“l(fā)ike staying in bed all day”，因?yàn)樵闹杏羞@么一句“especially they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside”. 殊不知選項(xiàng)中加了“all day”，使意思絕對化了。正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為D項(xiàng)“need some exercise outdoors”。考生若注意不到此細(xì)節(jié)的變化，勢必造成失分。
3. 無中生有
干擾項(xiàng)往往是生活的基本常識和普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)，但在原文中并無相關(guān)的信息支持點(diǎn)，這種選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置往往與問題的設(shè)問毫不相干。
以2006年全國卷Ⅰ第67題“We may infer from the last two paragraphs that______. ”為例。干擾項(xiàng)C項(xiàng)“English courses are necessary for foreign students”就是這種情況，而正確答案應(yīng)為A項(xiàng)“different teaching methods should be used”。解答這類考題時(shí)考生還應(yīng)注意問題中有無“In the author’s opinion”或“According to the passage”之類的限定語。
4. 以偏概全
考生在做猜測文章中心思想、給文章添加標(biāo)題或判斷推理題時(shí)，往往會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。產(chǎn)生這類錯(cuò)誤的原因是考生受思維定勢的影響或考慮不周，以局部代替整體。其具體表現(xiàn)為合理關(guān)聯(lián)與不合理關(guān)聯(lián)、準(zhǔn)確概括與不準(zhǔn)確概括之間的錯(cuò)位。
不合理關(guān)聯(lián)就是表層理解與深層理解相混淆。表層理解是對文章中客觀事實(shí)的感知和記憶，往往是文章直接表述的結(jié)論;深層理解則是對文章中的客觀事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理、總結(jié)或概括后得出的結(jié)論。
例如，2006年北京卷第73題“What did Loftus find out from her research?”的正確答案為B項(xiàng)“People Can be led to believe in something false.”。而誤選C項(xiàng)“People tend to forget their childhood experiences. ”的考生顯然是根據(jù)文中“it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences… The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured memory through leading questions”的信息得出的，但它只不過是表層信息，其對原文信息的轉(zhuǎn)述并不全面。
不準(zhǔn)確概括是指不能準(zhǔn)確地按題目要求概括或提取文中的表層或深層信息。
例如，2006年全國卷I第69題“What is the text mainly about______.”的正確答案為D項(xiàng)“Life after retirement”。干擾項(xiàng)A項(xiàng)“Learning to paint in later life”與C項(xiàng)“An artist turned teacher”極具迷惑性，但它們只是文章中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)信息�？忌绻磺宄�(xì)節(jié)信息與短文主題之間的關(guān)系，就容易犯概括不準(zhǔn)確的錯(cuò)誤。
以上是小編為大家整理的“英語閱讀理解題出錯(cuò)原因”全部內(nèi)容，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容請點(diǎn)擊：
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高考英語閱讀理解 細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題技巧
一、題型介紹：
過去在閱讀理解題中占很大比例。細(xì)節(jié)題要求考生具備快速尋找信息的，采用針對性進(jìn)行閱讀。多數(shù)情況下，作者不會(huì)明確地呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)事實(shí)，讀者需根據(jù)已有的信息進(jìn)行處理，讀出言外之意。還要特別注意文章的`時(shí)間順序、故事發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)、情節(jié)的發(fā)展、和人物之間的關(guān)系。
考查文章細(xì)節(jié)理解的測
�、� This article is particularly written for ___.?
�、� When the writer says … he really means ___.?
�、� The author's attitude to… is that ___.?
�、� What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage??
�、� The writer regards… as ___.?
�、� The writer's purpose in writing this story is ___.
二、細(xì)節(jié)題具體方法與步驟：
�、倥懦蓴_項(xiàng) ，突出主題。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)一般都是某一細(xì)節(jié)的錯(cuò)誤敘述與論斷，可先排除干擾項(xiàng)。作為命題內(nèi)容的細(xì)節(jié)一般總是短文的要點(diǎn)活主要論據(jù)。因此正確的選項(xiàng)往往與短文的主題密切相關(guān)。
�、� 按文章的體裁，作者寫作的組織模式及有關(guān)的信息詞，如for example，first，second…等預(yù)測應(yīng)該到何處尋找自己所需要的事實(shí)。
�、� 將自己精力放在尋找你所需要的細(xì)節(jié)上，快速通篇跳讀，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形掃視，直到找到細(xì)節(jié)出處，待找到含細(xì)節(jié)句子時(shí)，放慢速度，仔細(xì)核對比較內(nèi)容，直至找到答案。
�、茏⒁庾R別指代詞語。為避免重復(fù)，文章中對多次提及的事物或現(xiàn)象會(huì)使用不同的詞語，如同義詞、近義詞、代詞等。
三、考題探究
Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds(灰狗) and believe they need lots of exercise. They can actually be quite lazy! Greyhounds are good at fast races but not long-distance running. They do need regular exercise but they like to run for a short burst and then get back on the bed or a comfortable seat. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds must be aggressive(好斗的) because they are big in size. In fact greyhounds love people and are gentle with children.
Greyhounds can live for 12-14 years but usually only race for two or three years, and after that they make great pets. They don’t need a lot of space, don’t make a lot of noise, and don’t eat a lot for their size.
Normally, greyhounds can be as tall as 90 cm. There is, however, a small-sized greyhound, which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown are the most common. Others include black, white, blue, red and brown or a mix of these.
Greyhounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy. Because they’re slim（苗條的）they don’t have the leg problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the cold. Especially since they would much rather be at home in bed thanwalking around outside.
1 Why does the author say that greyhounds make great pets?
A. They are big in size.
B. They live a very long life.
C. They can run races for some time.
D. They are quiet and easy to look after.
2 . If you keep a pet greyhound, it is important .
A. to keep it slim
B. to keep it warm
C. to take special care of its legs
D. to take it to animal doctors regularly
學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
1 D 從題目可以看出該題目是考查對文章細(xì)節(jié)理解的題目。結(jié)合語境，注意上下文的關(guān)系，注意查找關(guān)鍵信息。由文章的第二段的內(nèi)容來看，文章用了三個(gè)具有否定意義的排比句They don’t need a lot of space, don’t make a lot of noise, and don’t eat a lot for their size.，分析了灰狗的習(xí)性和特點(diǎn)，尤其是在點(diǎn)明了they make great pets之后，又對其原因進(jìn)行了分析，此時(shí)我們就可以根據(jù)文章的講解來推斷題目。故該題目的關(guān)鍵是對文章第二段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析，歸納，然后得出結(jié)論。
2 B 由題目可知該題應(yīng)該是個(gè)對文章細(xì)節(jié)的推斷題。由該題考查的內(nèi)容，我們可以講注意力放在文章的最后一段。最后一段中提到灰狗沒有其他類型狗的腿的毛病，因此 C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。文章特別提到they do feel the cold.，說明他們怕冷，因此就需要保暖了。故B項(xiàng)是正確答案。
四、實(shí)例演練
Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, “operates under the theory of what’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine,” says his mother. “The other day I bought two new Star Wars light sabers（劍）。 Later, I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beat-up ones.”
“Examine the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. It’s an inheritable trait,” says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance（支配地位） when they sense their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other.
Whether it’s inborn nature or developed character at work, too much control in the hands at the young isn’t healthy for children or the family, Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, says family psychologist John Taylor. Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings of weakness” and “a desire to feel safe.” It’s the parents’ role to provide that protection.
When a “boss child” doesn’t learn limits at home, the stage is set for a host of troubles outside the family. The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches, for example, or trouble keeping friends. It can be pretty lonely as thetop dog if no one likes your bossy ways.
“I see more and more parents giving up their power,” says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior for more than 30 years. “They bend too far because they don’t want to be as strict as their own parents were. But they also feel less confident about their parenting skills. Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious.”
1、 Bossy children like Stephen Jackson.
A. make good decisions
B. show self-centeredness
C. lack care from others
D. have little sense of fear
【點(diǎn)津】 B 該題目主要是對文章的細(xì)節(jié)的考查，我們在讀完題目后，我們可以將注意力放在第一段中的I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beat-up ones.”在認(rèn)真分析后我們可知Stephen 不知道對別人關(guān)心、照顧，而是以自我為中心。故B 項(xiàng)是正確答案。
五、經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié):
通過對上面內(nèi)容的講解和自己練習(xí)我們可以做出一下的總結(jié):
1 定位能力很重要，要通過不斷的做練習(xí)來進(jìn)行有意識的培養(yǎng)。
2 細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常是定位部分的變體或者是重復(fù)，即意思相同但表達(dá)的方式會(huì)有所變化。
3 切忌通過自己對某類的主觀了解做出憑空的判斷，每一道題目的選擇都離不開對原文的理解和把握，答題時(shí)要力求緊扣文章中心來尋找解題的線索。
賓語從句要點(diǎn)及考點(diǎn)分析歸納
賓語從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在句子中充當(dāng)賓語。該從句是中學(xué)階段的一個(gè)重要語法項(xiàng)目，在歷年的高考中幾乎都涉及到，并且每年的命題各有變化。本文欲就歷屆高考試題涉及到該從句考查的焦點(diǎn)在此作以歸納，以期有助于同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)、備考。
一、考查賓語從句的語序問題。語序應(yīng)用陳述語序，且引導(dǎo)詞一定要在從句的最前面。
【考例】
�、貯s soon as he comes back, I'll tell him when ______ and see him.（05北京）
A. you will come B. will you comeC. you come D. do you come
�、赪hen changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . （10上海）
A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering
【簡析】①A。when引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，用陳述語序，且主句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，所以從句該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)，由語境可知，應(yīng)是將來時(shí)。同時(shí)注意when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語時(shí)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。②B。which引導(dǎo)的句子做know的賓語，句子用陳述語序，引導(dǎo)詞位于從句句首。
二、考查賓語從句的連接詞問題。
�。�1）引導(dǎo)賓語從句的有從屬連詞that, whether 和if；連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever等；連接副詞when, where, how, why等。選用何種連接詞主要根據(jù)①所選詞在從句中所作成分；②從句意判斷句中缺少的意項(xiàng)。
【考例】
�、賁he is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do_____it takes to save her life.（09湖南）
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever
�、贏s a new diplomat, he often thinks of_____he can react more appropriately on such occasions. （09上海）
A. what B. which C. that D. how
�、� I want to be liked and loved for I am inside. （10湖北）
A. who B. where C. what D. how
�、� We haven’t discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture. （10全國Ⅰ）
A. that B. which C. what D. where
【簡析】①C。whichever“無論哪一個(gè)”； however“無論如何”； whoever“無論誰”； whatever“無論什么”。由分析可知，該引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，且從句中take缺少賓語，由句意“她對我們來說是非常寶貴，我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好做一切來拯救她的生命�！笨芍�，應(yīng)用whatever。②D。句意為“作為一種新的外交官,他經(jīng)常考慮他怎么能在那樣的場合反應(yīng)更恰當(dāng)�！焙茱@然，該賓語從句缺少一個(gè)表示“方式”的詞，故用how。③C。句意為“我想別人喜歡我是因?yàn)槲业膬?nèi)在�！币簿褪俏襥nside的品質(zhì)。只有what可以指代是什么。很多同學(xué)誤選A，錯(cuò)誤的用中文語言習(xí)慣去做英文題。④D。由句意為“我們還沒有討論把我們的新家具放在哪里。”可知，動(dòng)詞discuss后的賓語從句缺少地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where。
�。�2）賓語從句中注意下列幾組相似意思的區(qū)別。
考查引導(dǎo)詞whether與if的區(qū)別。兩者都表示“是否”，都可引導(dǎo)賓語從句；但如果賓語從句是否定句一般用if；下列情況用whether①作介詞賓語；②后緊跟or not; ③作discuss等詞的賓語。
【考例】
①At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _____ it got any better.（09北京）
A. when B. h ow C. why D. if
�、赪e haven't settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (06江蘇)
A. if B. whereC. whether D. that
【簡析】①D。句意為“最初他不喜歡這件新工作，但是他決定給自己幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間來看一下這件工作是否會(huì)變得更好。”所以用if表“是否”，引導(dǎo)賓語從句。②C。句意為“我們還沒有解決他是否有必要出國留學(xué)這個(gè)問題�！贝颂幨琴e語從句，表“是否”，含有不確定，且作介詞的賓語，故用whether。
考查引導(dǎo)詞wh-與wh-ever的區(qū)別�！皐h-ever”引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，其含有“無論……”之意，其引導(dǎo)賓語從句無疑問意義，相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞加一個(gè)定語從句，而wh-多有疑問之意。
【考例】
�、� Could I speak to_____ is in charge of International Sales please? （09海南）
A. whoB. what C. whoever D. whatever
�、�? Could you do me a favour?
? It depends on ______ it is. （06北京）
A. which B. whicheverC. what D. whatever
【簡析】①C 。whoever引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作了to的賓語，同時(shí)whoever作is in charge of International Sales please的主語。whoever意為“任何人或無論誰”，相當(dāng)于any person who或the person who。②C。what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)表語，意為“什么”，含有具體之事的意思。句意為“那取決于是什么”。
考查引導(dǎo)詞no matter+疑問詞與疑問詞+ever的區(qū)別。“no matter+疑問詞”只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句；而“疑問詞+ever”既可引導(dǎo)狀語從句，也可引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
【考例】
�、賂he book can be of help to _____ wants to do the job.（09陜西）
A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever
�、赟arah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (95上海)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
【簡析】①D。此處從句作介詞to的賓語。引導(dǎo)詞做從句的主語，指人，意思是：無論是誰,no matter+疑問詞不能引導(dǎo)賓語從句。②C。此處從句作介詞of的賓語。no matter+疑問詞不能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，又因連接詞在從句作主語，所以用whoever,其相當(dāng)于anyone who。
IV.考查what與how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句充當(dāng)賓語的區(qū)別。此時(shí)意為“多么”，what修飾“形容詞+名詞或a(an)+形容詞+名詞”，而how修飾“形容詞或副詞、many，little（少），much, few等+名詞或形容詞+a(an)+名詞（單數(shù)）”
【考例】
�、買 was surprised by her words , which made me recognize____silly mistakes I had made.（05湖南）
A. what B. that C. how D. which.
②Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.(04廣東)
A. that B. how C. such D. so
【簡析】①A。句意為“我對她的話很吃驚，它迫使我承認(rèn)我犯了多么愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤�！辟e語從句表感嘆，中心詞為名詞，所以用what。②B。句意為“使父母親明白教育對他們子女的未來來說是多么地重要�！辟e語從句表感嘆，中心詞為形容詞，所以用how
考查引導(dǎo)詞what與that的區(qū)別。what作連接代詞并表示“所……的”之意，相當(dāng)于the+名詞+that”或“all that”,可指代不確定的事物等，在句中作主語、賓語或表語等。that在從句中只起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分，翻譯中，不譯。
[典型考題]
�、伲�10山東）Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season.
A. why B. what C. how D. which
�、冢�10北京）Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was __ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what B. that C. why D. whether
【解析】①:B。句意應(yīng)為：在大甩賣開始前，我把孩子們在下個(gè)季節(jié)里要用到的東西列了一個(gè)清單。分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處在句中引導(dǎo)賓語從句且在從句中充當(dāng)need的賓語。which 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)多表示疑問且要有一個(gè)明確的范圍。②B。句意應(yīng)為：狄更斯喜歡他自己的小說大衛(wèi)科波菲爾的部分原因是小說創(chuàng)作非常貼近他本人的真實(shí)生活。表語從句不缺成分，因此用that來引導(dǎo)。
三、考查賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題。
�、佼�(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的謂語不受主句謂語時(shí)態(tài)的影響，可根據(jù)句子的實(shí)際情況使用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。②當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)也是表示過去的時(shí)態(tài)。既一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。③當(dāng)從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)不受主句謂語時(shí)態(tài)的影響，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【考例】
�、買 was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it _______. （09山東）Ks5u
A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened
�、赟hestaredatthepainting, wonderingwhereshe______it.（09重慶）
A. sawB. hasseen C. sees D. hadseen
【簡析】①B。本題考查具體語境中的時(shí)態(tài)，后一句隱藏的時(shí)間狀語是at the time；又因?yàn)橹骶渲械闹^語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故從句用一般過去時(shí)。②D。本題也是考查具體語境中的時(shí)態(tài)，因wondering是stared的伴隨狀語，故表示過去的動(dòng)作，又因see發(fā)生在wondering之前，即過去的過去，因此用過去完成時(shí)。③D。
四、考查賓語從句的虛擬語氣問題。
�。�1）在表示堅(jiān)持要求（insist），命令（order,demand），建議(suggest,,advise,propose),要求（ask,requre,demand,request）等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣“(should) +do”。（2）用it作形式賓語，賓補(bǔ)是：necessary,important,strange,desirable,advisable,requested,vital,urgent,possible等時(shí)，后置的賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣“(should) +do”。（3） wish 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表虛擬語氣時(shí)，如果從句表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時(shí)；指現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)，則用過去時(shí)（be動(dòng)詞只用were形式）；指將來，用過去將來時(shí)。(4)would rather引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表虛擬語氣時(shí), 如果從句表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時(shí)；指將來或現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作，則用過去時(shí)（be動(dòng)詞只用were形式）
【考例】
�、賍___ be sent to work there? (02上海)
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who shouldD. Do you suggest whom should
②George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture. （10江蘇）
A. focus B. focused C. wouldfocus D. had focused
�、�?Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York?
?I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. （05江蘇）
A. will not be sent; thatB. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; 高二 what D. should not send; what
【簡析】①A。特殊疑問句的疑問詞應(yīng)置于句首，又suggest(建議)后的賓語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣（should+動(dòng)詞原形），且should可省略。②A。would rather后應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間相反，用動(dòng)詞的過去式。③B。it作形式賓語，that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的賓語，necessary作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”，又因此從句主語與動(dòng)詞send是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用(should) not be sent；第二空的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，從句有用省略結(jié)構(gòu)，其完整結(jié)構(gòu)是“he has refused to be sent to New York”,由完整結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該從句不缺成分，故用that。
五、考查名詞性從句it作形式賓語問題。
�、儋e語從句+賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)為了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式賓語,把真正的賓語從句置于句末，常見的it作形式賓語的謂語動(dòng)詞有believe,find,make,guess,suppose等。②某些及物動(dòng)詞或短語不能直接加賓語從句，此時(shí)用it作形式賓語，然后再接賓語從句，此種用法常見于like,dislike,hate,appreciate等。
【考例】
�、貶e didn’t make _____ clear when and where the meeting would be held. （07天津）
A. this B. that C. it D. these
�、贗’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. (06山東)
A. that B. it C. this D. you
【簡析】①C。此題考查的是謂語動(dòng)詞后加賓語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，clear是賓補(bǔ)，when and where the meeting would be held.是真正的賓語，并置于賓補(bǔ)之后，故用it作形式賓語。②B。if you would like to teach me how to use the computer是賓語從句，作appreciate的賓語，該種情況常用it作形式賓語。
六、考查賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移和該情況下的反意疑問句問題。
主句謂語動(dòng)詞是think,believe,suppose,imagine,consider,expect,guess ,be sure等，且主句的主語是第一人稱并為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的否定一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來，其反意疑問句一般與賓語從句的主語保持一致。
【考例】
①I don't suppose anyone will volunteer _____?(01上海)
A. do I B. don't I C. will theyD. won't they
�、贗' m sure you' d rather she went to school by bus, _____?(06福建)
A. hadn't you B. wouldn't you C. aren't I D. didn't she
【簡析】①C。由主句謂語動(dòng)詞是suppose，主句主語是第一人稱并為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可知，反意疑問句應(yīng)對賓語從句反問，再者don't實(shí)際上是對賓語從句的否定，故反問應(yīng)用肯定，即will they。②B。反意疑問句應(yīng)對I' m sure后的賓語從句的反問，又you' d等于you would，故用wouldn't you。
七、考查that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)的是否省略問題。
一般來講，賓語從句中的that可以省略，但下列情況一般不省略：①當(dāng)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的賓語從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾個(gè)從句的that不可��；②由it作形式賓語；③當(dāng)賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時(shí)；④當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞或從句時(shí)；⑤當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞與賓語從句之間有插入語時(shí)；⑥當(dāng)某些介詞后接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，常見的有in that(由于)，except that(除了)等。
【考例】
①Having checked the doors were closed , and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.（07湖南）
A. why B. that C. when D. where
�、贏nimals suffered at the hands of Man ___ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people.(08江西)
A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that
③I know nothing about the young lady_____she is from Beijing.（00上海）
A.except B.except forC.except that D.besides
【簡析】①B。由and可知，the doors were closed和all the lights were off是并列作check的賓語，且從句意思完整。當(dāng)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的賓語從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾個(gè)從句的that不可省，故用that。②D。該句大意是“動(dòng)物遭受人類的控制，因?yàn)槿祟悶榱说玫礁嗟霓r(nóng)產(chǎn)品供更多的人消費(fèi)，破壞動(dòng)物的生存環(huán)境以得到更多的土地�！眎n that 相當(dāng)于because。③C�？蘸竺媸遣蝗背煞值膹木�，且與nothing連用，故用except that該句意為“關(guān)于這位年輕的女士，我只知道她來自上海�！�
八、考查賓語從句存在插入語時(shí)的問題。
此時(shí)多考查的是連接詞的選用、位置和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式及從句語序。一般來說，連接詞應(yīng)置于插入語之前；特殊疑問句形式是插入語用部分倒裝，從句用陳述語序；做選擇題時(shí)，把插入語去掉進(jìn)行判斷。
【考例】
�、費(fèi)um is coming. What present ______ for your birthday? （05福建）
A．you expect she has got B．you expect has she got
C．do you expect she has got D．do you expect has she got
②The companies are working together to create _____ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (08北京)
A. which B. that C. what D. who
【簡析】①C。you expect是插入語，在特殊疑問句插入語部分倒裝，賓語從句用陳述語序。②C。create后是賓語從句，其中they hope是插入語，把該插入語去掉后，可以看出該從句缺少主語，根據(jù)題意應(yīng)用what。
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