ETS Propell托福培訓(xùn)心得
綜合寫作高分核心要求
業(yè)界一直對于托福綜合寫作拿高分的關(guān)鍵點有所爭議，這次培訓(xùn)我們得到了對于公開評分標準的進一步解釋材料，綜合寫作高分標準如下：
Selects and presents the relevant main points from both the lecture and the reading
(從閱讀和聽力材料中選取主要信息點，即我們常說的閱讀三個主要信息點和聽力三個信息點)
Demonstrates the relationship between each of the main points of the lecture and the reading.
(闡述閱讀和聽力材料各自三個主要信息點的關(guān)系)
Adds supporting details.
(補充細節(jié)信息)
其中，對于第一個要求同學(xué)們大多都了解，即在寫綜合寫作的時候，閱讀和聽力材料的三個主要信息點都要寫上。但問題往往出在第二個寫作要求上，雖然主要信息點都寫了，但是寫作方法不對，既未能“闡述”閱讀和聽力材料各自三個主要信息點的關(guān)系。閱讀材料和聽力材料的關(guān)系并不總是那么顯而易見，雖然聽力材料總是對閱讀材料進行反駁，但到底是怎么反駁的呢?這就要求同學(xué)們能快速理解、把握(而非靠猜)閱讀和聽力材料的意思。第三，如果你想在綜合寫作拿逼近絕對高分的分數(shù)，還要在上述基礎(chǔ)之上補充閱讀和聽力材料的細節(jié)信息。
我們來看一段ETS給出的綜合寫作高分范文的節(jié)選：
The second point of the lecture argues against the reading passage's opinion about the Chevalier's conversation with Voltaire. (闡述聽力和閱讀材料的信息點的關(guān)系)
The reading passage argues that the conversations may not be accurate, (閱讀主要信息點)
because the conversations had taken place long before it was recorded. (閱讀補充細節(jié))
However, according to the lecture, the Chevalier used to write down every conversation with Voltaire, (聽力主要信息點) immediately after they had finished conversing. As a result, the Chevalier could use his notes and journal s to complete his memories with Voltaire. (聽力補充細節(jié))
獨立寫作對于寫作思路/內(nèi)容的要求
在托福獨立寫作中，很多同學(xué)感到疑惑，我文章中用于支撐我觀點的理由和寫作思路(可被籠統(tǒng)稱為論證)到底到達一個什么樣的水平才算是滿足高分評分標準中“well organized, and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations…displays unity, progression, and coherence”的要求。
在此次培訓(xùn)中，ETS培訓(xùn)師明確指出，托福作為語言考試，雖然文章思路(reason)很重要，但是弱于對語言的要求�？忌陉U述支撐自己觀點的理由的時候，只要能做到“connects all ideas, and so the reader does not have to guess at intended meaning”即可滿足高分要求。也就是說，考生在寫作時，應(yīng)注意自己中間段每句話之間都有聯(lián)系，并且句子內(nèi)容是解釋、支撐自己理由和觀點的即可。
我們來看兩段此次ETS培訓(xùn)所給出的官方范文節(jié)選：
題目：A teacher's ability to relate well with students is more important than excellent knowledge of the subject being taught. (老師和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系的能力比對自己所教學(xué)科有優(yōu)秀知識更重要)
4分范文中間段(反對題目觀點)：
First, teachers' job is to educate their student with their knowledge. (老師的職責是傳授知識) The ability to relate well with their student is something a counselor should possess, not a teacher. (跟學(xué)生處好關(guān)系是輔導(dǎo)員而非教師的職責) That's why the board of education gives an award to a teacher with an excellent knowledge of the subject they teach. (這就是為什么教學(xué)委員會給擁有優(yōu)秀知識的教師頒獎) Teachers who can get alone with their students but have no knowledge can be popular and be liked by his or her students, however I don't consider a teacher with no knowledge a good teacher. (能和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系但是沒有知識的教師不是好教師)
中間段思路分析：在這個中間段中，作者不同意題目觀點的理由是教師的職責是傳授知識而非跟學(xué)生處好關(guān)系– 那是輔導(dǎo)員而非教師的職責。教師因為對自己所授學(xué)科了解全面所以獲得嘉獎，而那些只會和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系但是沒有知識的老師不是好老師。
5分范文中間段(同意題目觀點)：
A teacher's primary goal is to teach students the best they can about the things that are in our textbooks and more important, how to show respect for one another. They teach us how to live a better life by getting along with everyone. In order to do that, the teachers themselves have to be able to relate well with students.
中間段思路分析：老師有兩個主要職責，一個是傳授知識，另一個(也是更重要的)是教學(xué)生互相尊重。老師教我們?nèi)绾胃讼嗵幎懈玫纳�，但這一點的`前提是他們自己能和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系。
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(Example)
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Knowledge of the subject being taught is something taken for granted, but at the same time, secondary. One must go through and pass a series of courses and tests in order to become a teacher. Any teacher is able to have excellent knowledge of their subject but not all teachers can have the ability to relate well with students.
中間段思路分析：教授知識即是理所應(yīng)當?shù)�，也是次要的。每個老師都要經(jīng)歷一系列的測試才能成為老師。任何老師都能對自己所教授的學(xué)科擁有良好的知識，但是不是每個老師都能和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系。
總結(jié)：這兩個中間段的寫作思路很不一樣。第一個是通過解釋教師的職責是教授學(xué)生，所以教師擁有優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)能力更重要。而第二個的寫作思路則是闡述為什么跟學(xué)生處好關(guān)系比擁有學(xué)術(shù)知識更重要而去支撐自己的觀點。但是這兩個中間段都做到了每句話與每句話之間聯(lián)系緊密，并且契合題目。
獨立寫作對于寫作語言的要求
此次ETS培訓(xùn)對于寫作語言要求也給出了較為明確的指導(dǎo)意見。一篇高分獨立作文應(yīng)滿足以下要求：
Contains a range of grammatical structures 一系列的語法結(jié)構(gòu)
These are (grammatical structures) are appropriately used 語法結(jié)構(gòu)被恰當使用
Do not interfere with reader's understanding 小錯誤不影響讀者的理解
從以上評分標準我們可以看出，托�？荚噷懽鞑糠植⒉灰罂忌褂脧�(fù)雜的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而是要求各類語法結(jié)構(gòu)能交替并準確使用。而且非常重要的一點是語言表達不影響考官理解你想表達的句子意思。
我們來看一下上篇4分范文另一個中間段所犯的語言錯誤：
Thirdly, teachers are responsible for conceding (not clear exactly what word is intended here, 此處conceding用詞不當) their knowledge to their next generation. Teachers already had an experience of getting advantaged education (advanced education or advantaged education? “advantaged education”這個詞表意不清) from college. Teachers should not let that privilege become useless and workless. We all learn because we want to become the better person that this world needs. (connection between two sentences? 句與句直接沒有聯(lián)系) Students will also eventually grow up to be influencing other people and teachers should voluntarily be their students’ role models.
總結(jié)：在這個中間段中，考生使用了一系列的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，其中包括動名詞，動詞不定式，復(fù)合句和從句的使用，其中部分句型同時使用了兩種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，比如在最后一句話中，考生同時使用了動詞不定式和and所連接的復(fù)合句，因此滿足了一系列的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求。但是考生之所以在這篇文章中只拿到4分是因為這段出現(xiàn)數(shù)個表意不清和句與句之間沒有聯(lián)系的錯位，這說明托福考試對于語言使用的準確性和表意清晰的要求高于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性。
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