托福閱讀 ：格題解題基本思路
IBT閱讀中的表格題是新題型，同時(shí)在IBT聽力部分也出現(xiàn)了。與聽力部分不同的是，IBT閱讀部分的表格題既包括了對(duì)全文重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的發(fā)問(wèn)又包括了對(duì)全文主題和結(jié)論發(fā)問(wèn)。它們以對(duì)比表格和總結(jié)表格的形式出現(xiàn)。相對(duì)于聽力表格題來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀部分的難度系數(shù)更大一些。在IBT閱讀的3篇文章中有兩個(gè)此類問(wèn)題，且通常是文章最后一道題目，為2分。 一、表格題分為兩大類：總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題。
1、總結(jié)表格題相對(duì)而言， 總結(jié)表格題的出現(xiàn)頻率要高于對(duì)比表格題，這是由它們自身特點(diǎn)，出題方式和原文是否具備對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系這三方面的因素決定的。
2、題的出題模式有兩種：
一種是針對(duì)全文內(nèi)容出題，答案由全文的主題，細(xì)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)支持段落的概述三部分組成。另外一種是針對(duì)文章中的重點(diǎn)支持性段落出題，答案由這些重點(diǎn)支持性段落主題，段落結(jié)論，以及重點(diǎn)支持性例子的概述三部分組成。這里我們重點(diǎn)看第一種出題模式。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子，The Atlantic Cod FisheryOff the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden flakes was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word fish became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.
Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the 1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers.
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work.
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks. ]
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 pointsThe Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.
1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.
2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980sAnswer Choices（1）Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks.
�。�2）The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill.
（3）Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.
�。�4）The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s.
（5）Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
�。�6）Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year.
解題基本思路：首先確定這個(gè)題目屬于總結(jié)表格題，其主題為The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.（鱈魚漁業(yè)帶動(dòng)了紐芬蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展已經(jīng)有好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。）后面三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容都是圍繞這個(gè)論點(diǎn)展開：因?yàn)闈O業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)人們忽略了過(guò)度捕殺來(lái)的問(wèn)題；盡管采取各種限制捕殺政策，鱈魚的庫(kù)存還是不斷減少而其數(shù)量也沒有回升的跡象；加拿大政府從20世紀(jì)80年代開始想辦法來(lái)繁榮紐芬蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)。通過(guò)對(duì)上面這些句子和主題的分析，我們已經(jīng)可以猜出文章的主要內(nèi)容，人們的.過(guò)度捕殺導(dǎo)致自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源-鱈魚數(shù)量不斷減少。根據(jù)這個(gè)理解然后看答案。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，我們知道選項(xiàng) A ，C， E與文章的內(nèi)容和題目表格內(nèi)容相符合。其中B內(nèi)容在文章中有，但是不符合，D的內(nèi)容也是正確的，但是與E相比，E更合適，而F 直接排除掉。
3、總結(jié)表格題做題三大步驟：
判斷題目類型（全文型還是段落型）--------------根據(jù)題目類型找主題、細(xì)節(jié)和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正確答案。
4、對(duì)比表格題對(duì)比表格題都會(huì)有明確的對(duì)比項(xiàng)，也就是在文章中幾個(gè)不同事物之間相對(duì)比。
這類型的題目相對(duì)于總結(jié)表格題來(lái)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)單。只要按照文章題目的要求，返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具體解題方法和總結(jié)表格題相同，所以這里就不贅述了。
總之，判斷題目類型（總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題）--------------根據(jù)題目類型找主題、細(xì)節(jié)和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正確答案是解決這類問(wèn)題的最佳策略。
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