引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：上義詞與下義詞是一組相對(duì)概念，范圍大的詞匯為上義詞，而其下屬的具體例子為其下義詞。

　　比如說(shuō)，學(xué)科subject和化學(xué)chemistry就是一對(duì)明顯的上義詞和下義詞。上義詞與下義詞的概念弄明白后，咱們還要熟悉雅思閱讀考查這類替換的方式，簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是‘題上文下’，也就是說(shuō)上義詞會(huì)出現(xiàn)在題干中替換原文中的下義詞。其實(shí)，原因很簡(jiǎn)單，雅思閱讀的命題人是根據(jù)原文中的具體信息來(lái)命題的，用范圍較大的上義詞subject來(lái)替換原文中更為具體的chemistry就順理成章了。下面咱們就通過(guò)多組題目來(lái)見(jiàn)識(shí)一下上義詞與下義詞在雅思閱讀各種題型中的應(yīng)用。

　　首先，我們來(lái)看一道判斷題，選自C5-P42-Q13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.本題定位原文最后一段難度不大，但很多同學(xué)把最后一段看了一遍又一遍，還是沒(méi)有結(jié)果。大家也不妨試一下。原文如下:

　　Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion - 'the material of a thousand uses,. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.

　　實(shí)際上，此題就運(yùn)用了上義詞替換下義詞這一伎倆。我們可以通過(guò)colours 定位到原文這樣的信息‘ no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era’。也就是將colours替換了文中大部分學(xué)員比較熟悉browns。由于看出limit與restrict的替換難度并不大，那么此題與原文中no longer矛盾，選FALSE也就很輕松了。

　　其實(shí)，不僅僅是判斷題，在填空題中的應(yīng)用也讓不少學(xué)員嘗到很多苦頭。我們?cè)倏匆粋�(gè)例子，選自C6-P29-Q40 ...........produce is particularly expensive. 此題在原文中的定位難度也不大，很多學(xué)員都定位了如下的原文內(nèi)容。

　　Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat.

　　但是，具體答案定位哪一句，很多同學(xué)犯了難，原文中根本就沒(méi)有與答案最為密切的produce。我們?cè)僮屑?xì)分析一下，原來(lái)題干中的produce (農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)可以替換原文中meat，答案也就是imported了。在這里，我只能說(shuō)不熟悉這種命題思路的烤鴨被害慘了。

　　其實(shí)，相比以上兩種題型，上義詞與下義詞在段落信息配對(duì)題的出現(xiàn)頻率更高。比如，C9-P93-Q18：

　　reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour, 其中‘a particular form of behaviour’替換了原文H段的‘a struggle over toy’, 再比如C9-P43-Q5： a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others，其中‘medical conditions’替換了原文D段的 ‘hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD)’。

　　我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，題干中的名詞可能會(huì)作為上義詞來(lái)考查，回原文定位時(shí)需要留意該詞的具體化概念，并謹(jǐn)記‘題上文下’的替換原則。