在雅思寫作中,一般的簡單句會用一個(gè)形容詞做定語來修飾一個(gè)名詞,但當(dāng)定語成分太過復(fù)雜而不能只用單個(gè)形容詞擔(dān)當(dāng)時(shí),就要借助于一個(gè)句子來做定語修飾名詞。
像這樣由句子擔(dān)當(dāng)定語,對被修飾的先行詞進(jìn)行有限定制約,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確,我們稱之為限定性定語從句,下面我們結(jié)合例句進(jìn)行對比學(xué)習(xí):
a)I don’t like lazy people(形容詞做定語放在名詞前面).
b)I don’t like the people who never keep their words. 我不喜歡從不遵守諾言的人.
在限定性定語從句中,有兩個(gè)比較重要的概念。以b句為例,獨(dú)立主句是:I don’t like the people;定語從句為“who never keep their words”,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,做定語修飾名詞“the people”, 且從句和主句是由who來連接的。在定語從句中,“the people”被稱為先行詞,指被定語從句所修飾或限制的對象。“who”被稱為關(guān)系詞即重復(fù)指代先行詞,并在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分的連詞。
從上面的解析不難看出,關(guān)系詞在限定性定語從句中很重要,是連接主句和從句的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)系詞可以分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,下面我們一起來進(jìn)行具體的學(xué)習(xí)。
I.關(guān)系代詞主要有:who, whom, whose, which, that.
A. 當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí),可用關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose 和that.
a. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語時(shí),選用 who 或that.
eg:The woman is a responsible teacher who /that is loved by her students.
= The woman is a responsible teacher and she is loved by her students.
b. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語時(shí),選用 whom(首選),who 或that.
eg: The girl whom we are talking about is a good friend of us.
c. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做定語,表示人的所有關(guān)系時(shí),選用 whose 或of whom.
Eg:I know a friend whose sister is a famous dancer.
= I know a friend. His sister is a famous dancer. (whose 代替了his,指人 friend)
B.當(dāng)先行詞為物時(shí),可用關(guān)系代詞which, that 或whose.
a. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語或賓語時(shí),選用 which 或that.
Eg:These are the trees which / that are destroyed in the fire(做主語).
b. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做定語,表示物的所有關(guān)系時(shí),選用 whose 或of which.
Eg:The children saw an elephant whose legs were hurt badly.
綜上所述,當(dāng)先行詞為人和物時(shí),若在從句中做主語或是賓語,這時(shí)可用選用關(guān)系代詞that,做定語時(shí)用whose.
II. 關(guān)系副詞主要有:where,when 和why.
A. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí),定語從句由副詞where引導(dǎo).
In the sixth century BC, ancient Greece was a country where there were a lot of new ideas.
B. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí),定語從句由副詞when引導(dǎo).
Plato lived at a time when philosophy was very fashionable.
C. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示原因的名詞時(shí),定語從句由副詞why引導(dǎo).
Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?
需要注意的是,限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整,例如I met someone who said he knows you.
通過上面的講解,同學(xué)們在雅思寫作過程中對限定性定語從句是否又多了一份了解呢?希望可以有助于您更好的解析英文中的定語從句,從而更好的提高雅思作文中的長難句學(xué)習(xí)。