as一詞在不同的句子中有不同的含義和用法,且可引導(dǎo)多種從句。弄清楚as引導(dǎo)各種從句的特征,對理解句子的含義至關(guān)重要。
一、as作從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)不同種類的狀語從句
1、as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句
此時,as譯作“當(dāng)……時候”,可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。例如:
He smiled as he said goodbye to me.
他向我道別時微笑了一下。
As she was walking in the park, she heard a girl singing.
她在公園里散步時,聽到一位女孩在唱歌。
I sang an English song as I went along the river.
我邊沿河邊走邊唱英文歌。
2、as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句
表示已知的原因,譯作“既然;由于;因為……”,通常放在句首。
例如:
As it is too late for you to go home, you’d better stay over night at this place.
由于天太晚,你不能回家了,你最好留在這兒過夜。
As it is going to rain, the sports meet will be put off until next week.
由于天要下雨,運動會將推遲到下星期開。
3、as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句
as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句有兩種結(jié)構(gòu),分別是“as …as”和“not as / so …as”結(jié)構(gòu)。第一個as是副詞,第二個as是連詞。譯作“跟……一樣”、“跟……不一樣”。這種從句有三種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和意義。
(1)表示兩個不同的人(或物)在相同(或不同)方面的比較。例如:
He is as careful as his elder brother.
他和他哥哥一樣細心。
She is not so clever as her sister.
她不如她姐姐聰明。
(2)表示同一個人(或物)在不同方面的比較。例如:
She is as kind as (she is )honest.
她既誠實又和藹。
4、as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句時
此時,as譯作“按照;如同”。例如:
Please do as I tell you.
請照我告訴你的那樣去做。
We should study foreign languages as Karl Marx did.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)像卡爾?馬克思那樣學(xué)外語。
5、as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
此時,as譯作“盡管”。當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,不把as放在從句的開頭,而是將充當(dāng)從句主要成分的形容詞、副詞、分詞、動詞原形或不加冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞置于前面。
(1)將表語放在句首,再將as放在表語和主語之間。例如:
Child as he is, he knows quite a lot of things.
雖然他還是個孩子,但他懂得很多事情。
(2)將狀語放在句首,再將as放在狀語(副詞)和主語之間。例如:
Much as she likes, she will not take it.
盡管非常喜歡它,但她也不會拿走的。
(3)將主動詞放在句首,再將as放在主動詞和主語之間。例如:
Try as he did, he didn’t succeed.
盡管他努力了,但還是沒有成功。
二、as做關(guān)系代詞時,引導(dǎo)定語從句
as引導(dǎo)英語從句時,在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、介詞賓語或表語,既可以指人,也可以指物。
1、as引導(dǎo)定語從句時,有如下結(jié)構(gòu):“the same …as”,“such …as”, “as…as”“so many (much, few, little)…as”,譯作“像……一樣的人(或物)”。例如:
This is such an easy novel as you can read.
這本小說很容易,你能讀得懂。
I have the same dictionary as you (have).
我的詞典和你的詞典一樣。
He is as clever a boy as you want to see.
他就是你想見的那個聰明的男孩。
They have never read so many books as I read last year.
他們從來都沒有讀過像我去年讀過的那些書。
2、as單獨引導(dǎo)定語從句時,修飾整個主句或主句中的一部分,可以放在句首、句中或句末。當(dāng)as在從句中做主語時,從句的謂語通常是被動語態(tài)或系表結(jié)構(gòu);as在從句中作賓語時,從句的謂語常用“情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)如下:
as is known to all 眾所周知
as has been said above 如上所述
as was expected 正如預(yù)料的那樣
as has been pointed out 正如指出的那樣
as we all can see (know, hear)正如大家看到的(知道的、聽到的)那樣。例如:
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
眾所周知,月球每個月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周。