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美國(guó)最高法院中英文介紹
美國(guó)聯(lián)邦最高法院是美國(guó)最高審判機(jī)構(gòu)，由總統(tǒng)征得參議院同意后任命的9名終身法官組成，其判例對(duì)全國(guó)有拘束力，享有特殊的司法審查(judicial review)權(quán)，即有權(quán)通過具體案例宣布聯(lián)邦或各州的法律是否違憲。
The Supreme Court——The Highest Judicial Authority最高法院——最高司法機(jī)關(guān)
The Supreme Court is comprised of nine justices who are appointed to the bench for life, or until voluntary retirement. They are appointed by the President and must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
A Case's Path to the Supreme Court
While the Supreme Court may choose to hear cases directly, it most often selects cases that have been decided in lower courts. Participants in cases decided in lower courts can appeal to their state's highest or Supreme Court. If all state venues are exhausted, litigants may appeal to the United States Supreme Court, the highest court in this country. Some cases may begin in federal courts at the start3 , and these can also end up here.
The nine justices choose which cases to take from those submitted to the Supreme Court. They can refuse to consider a case, accept a case for oral argument, or decide the case summarily without a hearing4. Each of these routes has an effect on the law. the decision not to hear a case allows a lower court's ruling to stand as precedent, or guiding law for other states. The court often decides that a case should be heard in circumstances in which two or more lower courts have decided differently. This split in the opinions of lower courts is common in highly charged issues. In this circumstance, the court acts as final arbiter on a difficult issue.
The Final Decision —— The Majority Rules
The Supreme Court cases that are heard for oral argument are decided by a majority of the justices accepting one theory or opinion of the elements of the case. Basically, the side with most votes wins; that's why most cases have numbers like 7: 2 or 5: 4 that let us know how many judges voted for or against a particular case8. When there is no clear majority, the resulting decision is called a plurality opinion. It is the interpretation that receives more votes than any other opinion.
One justice usually writes the opinion for the majority, while others may write dissenting opinions collectively or on their own. Justices who sign on to either the majority or minority opinion may also add their own opinions, singularly and collectively, that augment the group opinion.
The 9 Justices
Today's Court is made up of justices nominated to the bench by Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George Bush and Bill Clinton. The youngest justice is 54; the oldest, 82. The current Court is closely divided between conservative and liberal elements.
譯文
最高法院由九名大法官組成，他們都是終身任職制，除非他們自愿退休。他們由美國(guó)總統(tǒng)任命，并經(jīng)美國(guó)參議院批準(zhǔn)。
最高法院審理案件
最高法院可以直接選擇審理案件，但是它經(jīng)常會(huì)選擇審理初級(jí)法院曾經(jīng)審理過的案件。初級(jí)法院審理案件的當(dāng)事人可以向州最高法院或者最高法院提起上訴。如果州的司法途徑被用盡，訴訟當(dāng)事人可以將案件上訴到美國(guó)的最高法院。一些案件的初審可能會(huì)在聯(lián)邦法院，它們同時(shí)也可以在聯(lián)邦級(jí)法院進(jìn)行終審。
九名法官會(huì)從上訴到最高法院的案件中有選擇地進(jìn)行審理。他們可以拒絕審理一個(gè)案件，可以受理案件并進(jìn)行口頭辯論，還可以不經(jīng)過聽證粗略地對(duì)案件進(jìn)行裁決。所有這些都會(huì)對(duì)法律產(chǎn)生影響：不經(jīng)最高法院審理的案件的判決可以使初級(jí)法院的裁決成為先例，或者指導(dǎo)其他州的法律的執(zhí)行。最高法院經(jīng)常裁定，只有同一案件在兩個(gè)或者更多的初級(jí)法院作出不同裁定的時(shí)候，才應(yīng)該對(duì)這一案件召開聽證會(huì)。在許多引起強(qiáng)烈爭(zhēng)論的問題上，許多初級(jí)法院意見相左。在這種情況下，最高法院就這些難以處理的問題作最后的裁決。
終審判決——多數(shù)原則
最高法院受理的案件經(jīng)口頭辯論，由接受一種理論或者案件要素的法官的多數(shù)來決定�；旧�，得到多數(shù)票的一方贏得訴訟;這就是為什么許多案件的判決結(jié)果會(huì)寫明7：2或5：4，因?yàn)檫@樣我們可以知道多少法官同意或者反對(duì)該案件的判決結(jié)果。當(dāng)沒有絕對(duì)半數(shù)通過時(shí)，判決結(jié)果稱之為多數(shù)意見。它只是一個(gè)比其他意見贏得更多票數(shù)的解釋。
一名法官通常會(huì)代替大多數(shù)法官撰寫意見，其他人則共同地或單獨(dú)地撰寫不同意見。持多數(shù)派意見和持少數(shù)派意見的法官們都可以在判決書中加上他們自己的意見。
九名法官
現(xiàn)在最高法院的法官是由里查德·尼克松、杰拉爾德·福特、羅納爾德·里根、喬治·布什和比爾·克林頓總統(tǒng)們?nèi)蚊�。最年輕的法官是53歲，最年長(zhǎng)的法官是81歲。目前法院的法官明顯分成保守派和自由派。
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