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職稱英語重點(diǎn)語法:被動(dòng)語態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系。語態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者是說動(dòng)作是由主語完成的,要用主動(dòng)語態(tài);如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,或者是說動(dòng)作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的,則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
yjbys小編現(xiàn)將職稱英語考試中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)等總結(jié)如下,希望考生能達(dá)到全面熟悉和熟練運(yùn)用,以幫助大家提高考試成績。
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)聚焦
(一)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的概念:
不知道或沒必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)(by短語有時(shí)可以省略)。
(二)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式:
be + 過去分詞,口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示。
(三)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法:
(1)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題。
①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語的變化?聪铝欣。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
、谥鲃(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí),賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)(位置不變);(作補(bǔ)語的)不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短語動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
、芮閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語態(tài), 只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過去分詞。
、莓(dāng)句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí),被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩種形式:(A)謂語動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài),動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。(B)用it作形式主語,真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況。
①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)之中。
、诒硎緺顟B(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
、郾硎練w屬的動(dòng)詞,如have、own、belong to等。
、鼙硎“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
、葙e語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài),不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
、拶e語是同源賓語,不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
⑦有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,特別是當(dāng)主語是物時(shí),常見的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
(3)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。
①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí);當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時(shí);當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.這些小說不暢銷。
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
The door won’t lock.門鎖不上。
The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。
、诋(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
、踳ant, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。
、躡e worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
、菰“be + 形容詞 + to do”中,不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語,用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame(受譴責(zé)),be to rent(出租)也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。
(4)被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。
、賐e seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后。
、踒e lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
、輇e dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
二、精典名題導(dǎo)解
1. “Do you like the material?” “Yes, it _____ very soft.”
A. is feeling B. felt C. feelsD. is felt
【解析】此題正確答案為C,因?yàn)?feel 在此為連系動(dòng)詞,而連系動(dòng)詞均為不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),盡管有時(shí)其漢語意思有被動(dòng)意味。
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didn’t satisfy B. to, didn’t satisfy
C. at, wasn’t satisfied D. to, wasn’t satisfied
【解析】最佳答案為C. be angry at (about) sth 意為“對(duì)某事生氣”,許多同學(xué)常按漢語意思將其中的介詞 at (about) 換成 to,這是錯(cuò)誤的。另外,許多同學(xué)將漢語的“不滿意”直譯為 not satisfy,這是是不對(duì)的,因?yàn),satisfy在現(xiàn)代英語中只用作及物動(dòng)詞,其意不是“滿意”而是“使(人)滿意”,所以其后不能沒有賓語,除非本身是被動(dòng)語態(tài)(或是系表結(jié)構(gòu))。
3. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertiseB. advertise for C. advertise onD. advertise to
【解析】事實(shí)上,正確答案為A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物動(dòng)詞:用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其意為“為……做廣告”、“登廣告宣傳”;用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其意為“做廣告”、“登廣告”,此時(shí)通常后接介詞 for,表示“做廣告征求”。比較:
advertise for sth (sb) 登廣告征求或?qū)ふ夷澄锘蚰橙?(此時(shí) advertise 不及物)
advertise sth 為……登廣告,登廣告宣傳……(此時(shí) advertise 是及物動(dòng)詞,其后要直接跟被宣傳的東西作賓語)
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人們?yōu)橐u的東西登廣告。
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經(jīng)理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書。
再比較以下用例:
advertise jobs 登廣告招人
advertise for jobs 登廣告求職
4. “I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time.” “But does your mother _____ you to go?”
A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise
【解析】最佳答案為C. 不能選A是因?yàn)?let 后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式不能帶 to;不能選B是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞 agree 習(xí)慣上不用于 agree sb to do sth 這一句式;不能選D是因?yàn)樵?promise sb to do sth 這一句式中,to do sth 的邏輯主語是 promise 的主語而不其是賓語,比如 He promised me to go 的意思是“他答應(yīng)我,他去”,而不是“他答應(yīng)我讓我去”。之所以能選C,是因?yàn)?allow sb to do sth(允許某人做某事)與上文語境剛好吻合。
5. “Do your parents agree to your doing that?” “Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.”
A. hope B. suggest C. support D. encourage
【解析】此題的正解答案是D. 因?yàn)樵谝陨纤膫(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語,即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語,即英語中習(xí)慣上不說 hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.
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