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2017中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題（附答案）
2017年中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試馬上就要開(kāi)始了。你知道中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試都考哪些知識(shí)嗎?下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)?lái)的中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題，歡迎閱讀。
模擬題一：
產(chǎn)品促銷
1. Sales promotion consists of those promotional activities other thanadvertising,personal selling,and publicity. As such,any promotionalactivities that do not fall under the other three activities of the promotionmix are considered sales promotion. The trade often uses the termindiscriminately. Businesspersons may use the term “promotion”when they actually mean “sales promotion.”For purpose here,promotion is a broad term that encompasses salespromotion as well as the other three promotional activities.
1、產(chǎn)品促銷指的是不同于廣告、個(gè)人銷售和宣傳的推銷活動(dòng)。因此，不屬于以上三種推銷活動(dòng)的推銷活動(dòng)都被認(rèn)為是促銷。實(shí)際生活中經(jīng)常不加區(qū)分地使用這一概念。商務(wù)人員在說(shuō)“推銷”時(shí)，實(shí)際上指的是“促銷”。本文中，推銷是一個(gè)廣義的概念，它包括促銷以及其他三種推銷活動(dòng)。
2. The techniquesof sales promotion are varied and numerous. The common ones used arecoupons,sweepstakes,games,contests,price-offs,demonstrations,premiums,samples,andmoney refund offers. A combination of these can be used and sometimes is usedin the same campaign.
2、推銷的手段多種多樣，數(shù)不勝數(shù)。普遍運(yùn)用的手段有附在商品上的贈(zèng)券、各種抽獎(jiǎng)活動(dòng)、游戲、競(jìng)賽、降價(jià)銷售、產(chǎn)品示范、各種獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、樣品試驗(yàn)以及錢款返還承諾等等。在同-推銷活動(dòng)中，多種手段可以結(jié)合使用，有時(shí)也確實(shí)結(jié)合使用。
3. Sales promotionis temporary in nature. Not being self-sustaining,its function is to supplementadvertising,personal selling,and publicity. To launch Budweiser beer in GreatBritain,Anheuser-Busch employed the “American”theme.Its TV commercials on the 4th of July and Thanksgiving Day were spots filmed inCalifornia with American actors. To supplement its advertising effort,thecompany used a variety of sales-promotion techniques. It madeposters,bunting,flags,pennants,T-shirts,and sweatshirts available to pubs anddiscos for promotional parties. Bud ashtrays,bar towels,coasters,footballpennants,and similar items were offered for sale. Moreover,American discjockeys were brought in to program American music nights.
3、從本質(zhì)上說(shuō)，促銷活動(dòng)具有時(shí)間短暫的特點(diǎn)。由于其本身沒(méi)有自我持續(xù)的能力，它的作用就是作為廣告、個(gè)人銷售和宣傳等推銷活動(dòng)的補(bǔ)充。為了將百威啤酒打入英國(guó)市場(chǎng)，Anheuser-Busch運(yùn)用了“美國(guó)”主題。7月4日和感恩節(jié)的電視廣告播的都是美國(guó)演員在加利福尼亞拍攝的場(chǎng)景。為了加強(qiáng)廣告力度，該公司運(yùn)用了大量的促銷手段，如制作海報(bào)、裝飾旗和三角旗等各種旗幟以及體恤衫和汗衫等供促銷團(tuán)體出入酒吧和迪斯科夜總會(huì)。同時(shí)它還制作煙灰缸、酒吧餐巾、杯墊子、杯托子、足球賽用的三角旗以及諸如此類的物品用于銷售。此外，該公司還專門邀請(qǐng)電臺(tái)的音樂(lè)節(jié)目主持人開(kāi)辦美國(guó)音樂(lè)之夜。
4. Sales promotionis not restricted to the stimulation of demand at the consumer level. It may beused to gain middlemen's support as well. In Order to get Thai middlemen tocarry Foremost's dairy products,the company used leasing and conditional salescontracts to provide small retail outlets' and restaurants with freezers for $1if contract terms were met. Foremost also had to convince these resellers notto store other products in the freezers and not to unplug freezer units atnight to save electricity.
4、促銷不僅局限于拉動(dòng)消費(fèi)者的需求，也可以用來(lái)贏得中間商的支持。為了使泰國(guó)的中間商銷售其乳制品，F(xiàn)oremost公司運(yùn)用租賃和有條件銷售合同以一美元的價(jià)格向那些零售小商店和飯店提供冰柜，條件是要滿足合同條款。同時(shí)，該公司還得說(shuō)服這些轉(zhuǎn)賣商不要在冰柜中儲(chǔ)存其他產(chǎn)品，并且不要為了省電而在夜間拔去冰柜插座。
5. The use of salespromotion is not limited to consumer products. It can be used with industrialselling too. Misawa Homes promoted its House 55 by sending samples to U.S.Homes and Germany's Okal. Pfizer,like other drug firms,attracts drugwholesalers by sponsoring trips and other events. Gifts are given todoctors,and doctors' wives are taken on shopping tours.
5、促銷手段的運(yùn)用不僅僅限于消費(fèi)品，它也可以用于工業(yè)銷售。MisawaHomes為了推銷其House55產(chǎn)品而向美國(guó)的Homes公司和德國(guó)的Okal公司寄送樣品。與此類似，Pfizer公司同其他藥品公司一樣，通過(guò)組織旅游和其他活動(dòng)來(lái)吸引藥品批發(fā)商。他們向醫(yī)生們贈(zèng)送禮品，而且組織醫(yī)生的夫人們進(jìn)行購(gòu)物旅游。
6. The popularityof sales promotion has grown steadily both in the United States and overseas. Asurvey of executives conducted by Stimulus,Canada's leading advertisingjournal,revealed a shift from media advertising to sales promotion. Comparedwith five years ago,three of five firms had moved to spend more of theiradvertising budget on such nonmedia alternatives as trade shows,point-of-purchasedisplays,and publicity. According to a POPAI (Point-of- Purchase AdvertisingInstitute) -Du Pont study of shopping behavior in the United States,almost 70percent of all non-food purchases in supermarkets are generated by in-store decisions.If the same decision-making pattern is prevalent outside the UnitedStates,sales promotion should prove to be just as indispensable.
6、無(wú)論是在美國(guó)還是在海外，促銷活動(dòng)越來(lái)越受人青睞，而且勢(shì)頭強(qiáng)勁。加拿大首屈一指的廣告雜志Stimulus對(duì)公司經(jīng)理們的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，他們已從媒體廣告轉(zhuǎn)向促銷活動(dòng)。同五年前相比，有五分之三的公司開(kāi)始在廣告預(yù)算中增加對(duì)非媒體手段的投入，如交易展銷、買點(diǎn)展示和宣傳。根據(jù)買點(diǎn)廣告機(jī)構(gòu)和杜邦公司對(duì)美國(guó)人購(gòu)物行為所作的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查。在超市里所有非食品購(gòu)買行為中，幾乎有70%源自顧客在超市內(nèi)的臨時(shí)決定。如果這種購(gòu)物方式能在美國(guó)以外的其他地方盛行開(kāi)來(lái)，那么，將證明促銷活動(dòng)同樣是必不可少的。
7. Sales promotionis effective when a product is first introduced to a market. It also works wellwith existing products that are highly competitive and standardized,especiallywhen they are of low unit-value and have high turnover. Under suchconditions,sales promotion is needed to gain that “extra”competitive advantage. A Japanese firm created a great deal ofexcitement in Thailand by including game cards in its detergent boxes,andconsumers could not resist buying more and more in search of the winningcards,Likewise,most gas stations in Thailand at one time gave free washclothswith a gas fill-up. Middlemen were also allowed to participate in thesales-promotion program. Stores were informed of the display,and theirsalespeople or sales clerks were made aware of the program and benefits.
7、當(dāng)某種產(chǎn)品首次進(jìn)入一個(gè)市場(chǎng)時(shí)，促銷活動(dòng)是相當(dāng)有效的。如果產(chǎn)品本身極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，而且比較規(guī)范，那么，促銷也適用于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品。尤其是如果這種產(chǎn)品單價(jià)較低而且流通量大。在這種條件下，就需要促銷以贏得額外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。一家日本公司通過(guò)將游戲紙牌裝在其洗滌劑盒子中，結(jié)果在泰國(guó)引起轟動(dòng)效應(yīng)。消費(fèi)者情不自禁，越買越多，希望得到勝?gòu)�。與此類似，在泰國(guó)大多數(shù)加油站，顧客每加一次油，即可免費(fèi)得到一塊清洗布。中間商同樣可以參加促銷活動(dòng)。經(jīng)銷商店及時(shí)了解產(chǎn)品展示信息，商店的銷售人員和職員對(duì)這些活動(dòng)及其利益一清二楚。
8. Theeffectiveness of sales promotion can be tempered by psychological barriers,andthis fact is applicable to middlemen as well as consumers. Some foreignretailers are reluctant to accept manufacturers' coupons because they fear thatthey will not be reimbursed. Consumers,on the other hand,may viewrebates,mail-in coupons,and money-back guarantees with suspicion,thinking thatsomething must be wrong with the product.
8、無(wú)論是中間商還是消費(fèi)者，只要有了心理障礙，便會(huì)使促銷活動(dòng)的效果打折扣。有些國(guó)外零售商不大愿意接受產(chǎn)品廠家附在其商品中的贈(zèng)券，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心這些贈(zèng)券中的款項(xiàng)無(wú)法返還。另一方面，消費(fèi)者可能對(duì)折扣、郵寄來(lái)的贈(zèng)券和返還款項(xiàng)的承諾持懷疑態(tài)度，他們會(huì)認(rèn)為，這樣的產(chǎn)品肯定有問(wèn)題。
9. Much like manyother marketing aspects,sales-promotion methods may have to be modified. Thetechniques employed,to be effective,should be consistent with local preference.Philips offered a set of dominoes as a premium for electricity purchase inBrazil,where the game is national pastime and electrical products are treatedas commodities. A player holds the colored side up to prevent an opponent fromseeing the dotted numbers side. Since the company's name was on the back ofevery domino,electricians were often reminded of the brand.
9、促銷方法同營(yíng)銷的其他許多方面極為相似，應(yīng)該加以改進(jìn)。要使所運(yùn)用的手段產(chǎn)生作用，就應(yīng)使它同當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)者的喜好相一致。電力在巴西是視為商品，而在該國(guó)，玩骨牌是一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)，飛利浦公司即在那里推出一套骨牌作為購(gòu)買電力的獎(jiǎng)品。一方要將骨牌反摳，使彩色的一面朝上，這樣，對(duì)方就看不見(jiàn)帶點(diǎn)數(shù)的那一面。由于每張骨牌的反面印有飛利浦公司的名稱，電工們便會(huì)經(jīng)常想起這種品牌的產(chǎn)品。
模擬題二：
加利福尼亞淘金熱
1. A chance discovery by an employee of John A.Sutter, feudal baron of the SacramentoValley, set off the rush to California. In January1848 James W. Marshall was supervising the construction of a sawmill in Coloma Valley,about 40 miles up the south fork of the American Riverfrom Sutter 's Fort. On the morning ofthe 24th, while inspecting work on the excavation of the channel of the stream,he noticed the glint of metal on the bottom of it. Placing the flakes in thedented crown of his slouch hat, he excitedly rashed to the mill and shouted, “Boys, Ibelieve I’ve found a gold mine.”
1. 約翰 A 薩特是薩克拉門托谷的封建貴族，他的雇員的一個(gè)偶然發(fā) 現(xiàn)引發(fā)了涌向加利福尼亞的人潮。1848年1月，詹姆士馬歇爾正在克 羅馬山谷監(jiān)督鋸木廠的工程，那里位于美利堅(jiān)河南支流，距離薩特的城堡40 英里。24日早晨，正當(dāng)他檢查河流上開(kāi)掘的坑道時(shí)，注意到底部有一些閃亮 的金屬。他把這些亮片放在寬邊軟帽的帽檐上，激動(dòng)地朝工廠跑去，邊跑邊喊：“天吶，我想我發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦了。”
2. After making tests at the mill for a few daysand being unable to determine whether or not the flakes were actually gold, Marshall carried a sampleto his employer at the Fort. The two men tried every test that they could thinkof or that the American Encyclopedia suggested. Finally they proved that thesample was gold. In the course of time it became a fact that Marshall haddiscovered a huge vein of gold-bearing quartz more than 150 miles in lengththat lay along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada—the fabulousMother Lode of California. Weathering and erosion had broken off particles ofthe vein, carried them down mountain streams, and deposited them in sandbars orrock crevices.
2. 經(jīng)過(guò)幾天的試驗(yàn)，馬歇爾仍然無(wú)法確定這些小薄片是否就是黃金。于 是他帶著一些樣品來(lái)到他雇主的城堡。他倆嘗試了能夠想到的、美利堅(jiān)百科全書(shū)提供的所有辦法，最終證明這些樣品就是黃金。經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間后，消息 終于被證實(shí)，馬歇爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)150英里的含有黃金的石英礦脈，這條 礦脈沿著內(nèi)華達(dá)山的西部山麓延伸，正是那條傳說(shuō)中的加利福尼亞主礦脈。由于風(fēng)化和侵蝕作用，細(xì)小的礦物微粒從礦脈上剝落，被溪水沖刷下來(lái)，慢 慢沉積在沙洲和巖石縫隙中。
3. Sutter could see that news of the golddiscovery would spell disaster to his other businesses—but suchnews could not be kept secret. In May an energetic San Francisco businessman and Mormon eldernamed Sam Brannan returned to the city from the diggings. His appearance on thestreets holding high a quinine bottle full of glistening gold dust andshouting, “Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River,”started the stampede. Shopkeepers hung signs on their doors, “Gone to the Diggings.” Schools closed asteachers and pupils alike left. San Francisco became a ghost town: everyone headed towardthe strike.
3. 薩特預(yù)見(jiàn)到發(fā)現(xiàn)金子的消息將會(huì)給他的其他生意帶來(lái)災(zāi)難——但這樣 重大的消息不可能一直秘而不宣。5月份，山姆布蘭南，一位精力充沛的舊金山商人同時(shí)也是摩x教的長(zhǎng)老，從礦區(qū)回到城市。他手里舉著一個(gè)裝滿了 閃閃發(fā)光金粉的金雞納霜瓶子，高聲喊著：“金子!金子!美利堅(jiān)河里的金子!” 他的出現(xiàn)引發(fā)了街頭的騷亂，一時(shí)間店主們紛紛關(guān)張，店門上掛出“已去礦區(qū)!”的牌子;學(xué)校也關(guān)閉了，因?yàn)槔蠋熀蛯W(xué)生們都已離開(kāi)。舊金山一瞬間變 成了鬼城：所有人都罷工了。
4. At Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Diego,and other Californiasettlements, soldiers deserted their posts, sailors abandoned ships, lawyersleft clients, and editors suspended publication of newspapers. And before theend of the year gold seekers had already arrived from Hawaii，Mexico, BritishColumbia, and South America.
4. 在蒙特利、圣巴巴拉、圣迭戈，以及其他加利福尼亞的聚居地上，士 兵們離開(kāi)了崗位，水手們棄船而走，律師們放棄了客戶，編輯們推遲了報(bào)紙的出版。到那年的年尾，淘金者們紛紛從夏威夷、墨西哥、大不列顛哥倫比 亞甚至南美洲涌向這里。
5. Westward Ho
5. 西行記
6. Stories of the discovery gradually drifted tothe Eastern United States, but most peopledismissed them as rumor. Then in December 1848 they were confirmed. PresidentPolk included official telegrams from California in his message to Congress andstated, “The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of suchan extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they notcorroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service.” Two days later a Government messenger arrived in Washington with atea caddy full of gold. Sanity vanished. The tea caddy did for the Nation whatSam Brannan's quinine bottle had done for San Francisco.
6. 發(fā)現(xiàn)金子的故事逐漸傳到了美國(guó)的東海岸，但大部分人認(rèn)為它是個(gè)謠 言。1848年12月，消息終于被確認(rèn)。波爾克總統(tǒng)將加利福尼亞發(fā)來(lái)的政府電 報(bào)加到給國(guó)會(huì)的信息中：“盡管那個(gè)地區(qū)金礦儲(chǔ)量驚人，但如果公共服務(wù)部門的官員沒(méi)有用可信的報(bào)道強(qiáng)化它們的話，這個(gè)信息也很難被公眾相信�！眱商� 之后，政府的信使帶著一個(gè)裝滿金子的茶葉盒抵達(dá)華盛頓。一瞬間人們的理智土崩瓦解，這個(gè)茶葉盒對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家所起的作用就像山姆的金雞納霜瓶子對(duì)舊金山的作用。
7. Within a month, eager gold seekers charteredmore than 60 ships, some of doubtful ageand condition, and weighed anchor for California.The New York Herald, in a special California edition, stated: “In every Atlanticseaport, vessels are being fitted up, societies are being formed, husbands arepreparing to leave their wives, sons are parting with their mothers, andbachelors are leaving their comforts; all are rushing head over heels towardthe El Dorado on the Pacific.” Whenever and wherevermen gathered that winter the talk was of California and the riches to be foundthere.
7. —個(gè)月之內(nèi)，急不可耐的淘金者們租了 60多艘船起航向加利福尼亞行 進(jìn)，盡管其中一些船的年限和狀況都令人擔(dān)憂。《紐約先驅(qū)論壇報(bào)》在加州特刊上寫(xiě)到：“大西洋的每個(gè)港口都聚集著滿載的船只，人們集合成團(tuán)體，丈夫 準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)妻子，兒子正告別母親，而單身漢們正放棄自己的舒適生活。所有 人都一門心思地朝太平洋的黃金之國(guó)進(jìn)發(fā)。”不論何處、不論何時(shí)，那個(gè)冬季人們聚在一起時(shí)的話題都離不開(kāi)加州和那里的財(cái)富。
8. Routes To The Goldfields
8. 通往采金區(qū)的道路
9. The gold seekers used four principal routesto California,two each by sea and land. Easterners mainly used the sea routes, and residentsof the Mississippi Valley and Southernersthe land routes.
9. 淘金者們通過(guò)四條道路前往加州，兩條海路，兩條陸路。東部的人主 要選擇海路，而密西西比河谷和南方人主要選擇陸路。
10. The most popular way to California was overland, either by thecentral or southern trails.
10. 而人們最常走的是通過(guò)中部或南部的山路。
11. Tens of thousands of “forty-niners” flocked to the embarkation towns —Independence, St. Joseph, Westport, and Kanesville —and waited until the grass along the trail was high enough to hold the stock.Then the great wagon trains rolled out on the prairie, climbed steadily untilthey crossed South Pass, then dropped down to the Great Basin desert. Those whothought that nothing was so deadly as plodding through the choking dust of thedesert forgot that annoyance when they met the hardships of passing wagons andoxen over the Sierra and then lowering them by rope down deep canyons.
11. 成千上萬(wàn)的“四九人們/淘金者們”蜂擁到出發(fā)的小鎮(zhèn)一一因第彭登 (Independence)、圣約瑟夫(St. Joseph)、韋斯特波(Westport)以及肯斯維爾(Kanesville)。他們聚集在那里等待著，等待著沿途的草長(zhǎng)大，就可以給牲口提供充足的食物。然后，浩浩蕩蕩的車隊(duì)在大草原上出發(fā)了，他們一直緩 坡而上穿過(guò)南通道，然后下行進(jìn)入大盆地的沙漠。開(kāi)始有人認(rèn)為沒(méi)有什么能 比穿過(guò)沙塵飛揚(yáng)的沙漠更單調(diào)乏味了，但當(dāng)他們到達(dá)山脊時(shí)就很快忘記了沙漠的艱難，因?yàn)樗麄儽仨毱疵雅＼嚭蜕谮s上山，然后又用繩子把他們送下深谷。
12. Other gold seekers, especially Southerners,moved west by way of the southern trails. Drawing traffic from the Santa FeTrail and the west Texas trails, the chiefroute followed the wagon road blazed by Lt. Colonel Philip St. George Cookefrom the Rio Grandeby way of the Gila to the Pacific during the Mexican War. It offered theadvantages of few mountain ranges and a milder climate.
12. 另一些淘金者，尤其是南方人，沿著南部山路一直向西。圣菲貿(mào)易通 道和西德克薩斯通道交匯在主路上，這條路是墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間由圣喬治庫(kù)克的菲利普上校(Lt. Colonel Philip)標(biāo)注的牛車道，從格蘭德河(Rio Grande) 經(jīng)由基拉(Gila)到達(dá)太平洋。這條路線山路較少而且氣候溫和。
13. Whatever their route, those who finallyarrived at the gold mines after the 2,000-mile overland trip, which usuallyrequired 5 or 6 months, had faced a severe test. Only the hardiest survivedtrail life. Asiatic cholera alone in 1849 marked the central trails with 5,000graves before the wagons reached the Rocky Mountains.But the dangers and privations ——on land or at sea ——wereall forgotten upon arrival at the goldfields. There the newcomers found thosewho had arrived earlier working every large stream along the Mother Lode, fromthe Feather to the Tuolumne Rivers. Tent camps sprang up everywhere as theforty-niners, washing pan in hand, set out to seek the riches so widelyreported. A few lucky souls did find wealth, but the majority were quicklydisappointed.
13. 不論走那條路線，人們需要五六個(gè)月的時(shí)間，跋涉2000英里的陸路， 經(jīng)歷嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)之后才能到達(dá)礦山，只有那些最強(qiáng)壯的人才能活下來(lái)。1849 年中部路線上流行亞洲霍亂，牛車隊(duì)到達(dá)落基山脈之前就在路邊留下了 5000 座新墳。當(dāng)人們經(jīng)由陸路或海路到達(dá)金礦時(shí)，一路上的危險(xiǎn)與窘困都被拋到了九霄云外。搶先一步到達(dá)的人們挖掘主礦脈上的每一條河流，從費(fèi)勒河(the Feather)到圖奧樂(lè)米河(the Tuolumne)。淘金者們帶上淘洗盤(pán)出發(fā)去尋找財(cái) 富，沿途的帳篷營(yíng)地隨處可見(jiàn)。只有一些極幸運(yùn)者找到了財(cái)富，但絕大多數(shù)人都很快失望了。
Wordsand Expressions
feudal ['fju:dl] adj.封建制度的，封地的，領(lǐng)地的
baron ['brn] n.男爵(英國(guó)世襲的最低級(jí)的貴族爵位)
set off v.出發(fā)，動(dòng)身，使爆炸，引起，分開(kāi)
sawmill ['s:ml] n.鋸木廠，鋸木機(jī)
excavation [,eksk'vein] n.挖掘，挖掘成的洞，出土文物
glint [glint]n.閃爍
flake [fleik]n.薄片v.使成薄片，剝落，雪片般落下
dent [dent]n.凹，凹痕，(齒輪的)齒，弱點(diǎn)v.使凹下，凹進(jìn)
slouch hat n.寬邊軟帽
vein [vein]n.血管，靜脈，葉脈，礦脈，紋理
quartz [kw:ts] n.石英
fabulous [fbjuls] adj.寓言中的，神話般的，難以置信的
sandbar ['sndba:(r)] n.沙洲
crevice ['krevis] n.(墻壁，巖石等的)裂縫
diggings 發(fā)掘物，礦區(qū)(尤指金礦區(qū))
quinine ['kwanan] n.奎寧，奎寧化合物(如里硫酸奎寧)
glistening ['gli:sni] 閃耀的，反光的
stampede [stm'pi:d] n.驚跑 v.驚跑
desert [di'z:t] n.沙漠vt.遺棄，逃跑vi.逃掉，逃亡
dismiss [dis'mis] vt.解散，下課，開(kāi)除，拒絕接受，不承認(rèn)
corroborate [k'rbreit] vt.使堅(jiān)固，確證
caddy ['kdi] n.茶葉罐，小盒子，小罐
sanity ['sniti] n.心智健全
vanish ['vni] vi.消失，突然不見(jiàn)
fit up 準(zhǔn)備裝備(設(shè)備、房屋等)
prairie ['prεri] n.大草原，牧場(chǎng)
plodding ['pldi] adj.沉重緩慢的，單調(diào)乏味的
annoyance [e'nins] n.煩惱，可厭之事
blaze [bleiz]n.火焰 vt.在樹(shù)皮上刻路標(biāo)，公開(kāi)宣布
Asiatic cholera n.亞細(xì)亞霍亂
privation [prai'vein] n.缺乏，窮困，喪失，被剝奪了某物的狀態(tài)
tent [tent] n.帳篷
spring up v.跳起來(lái)
33.What Do Parents OweTheir Children <原34>
父母欠子女什么?
1.If J had toselect a word that best describes the majority of American I parents,that wordwould be guilt-ridden. How sad it is to see parents become the | willingvictims of the "givc-me game*1,only lo discover that,no matter what they jdo,it isn't enough. In the end,they are despised for their lack of firmness andblamed when their spoiled children get in trouble. With this in mind,I shallfirst answer this question:" What do parents owe their children?" andI shall start with what they don't owe them.
1.如果我必須挑選取一個(gè)詞，來(lái)描述美國(guó)的大多數(shù)父母，這個(gè)詞便是“內(nèi)疚”。目睹父母?jìng)兏试缸觥敖o我游戲”的犧牲者是很令人傷心的。但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論他們?cè)趺醋�，都還是不夠。到最后，父母?jìng)兌紩?huì)因自己的軟弱而受到蔑視，因他們寵壞的孩子惹出事端而受到責(zé)備。認(rèn)識(shí)到這些，我們應(yīng)該首先回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題：“父母欠子女些什么?”而我首先要從他們不欠子女什么談起。
2.Parents don't owetheir children every minute of their day and every ounce of their energy. Theydon*t owe them round-the-clock car service,singing lessons,tennislessons,expensive bicycles,a motorcycle or a car when they reach sixteen,or atrip to Hurope when they graduate.
2.父母不必把分分鈔鈔、點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴的精力都花在孩子們身上。不必時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)備替他們開(kāi)車外出，不必讓他們上音樂(lè)課和網(wǎng)球課，不必給他們買很貴的自行車、摩托車、或在他們滿十六歲時(shí)給他們買汽車，也不在他們畢業(yè)時(shí)出錢讓他們?nèi)W洲旅游。父母并不欠子女這些。
3.I take the firmposition that parents do not owe their children a college education. If theycan afford it,line; they can certainly send them to the best universities. Butthey must not feel guiltily if they can't. If the children really want logo,they'll find a way. There are plenty of loans and scholarships for thebright and eager who can't afford to pay.
3.我還確信父母并不欠孩子高等教育的費(fèi)用。如果付的起，很好，他們當(dāng)然可以將子女送進(jìn)一流大學(xué)。但付不起亦無(wú)須感到愧疚。假如子女們真愿意上大學(xué)，他們自己會(huì)找到辦法。因?yàn)橛性S多為聰明好學(xué)而又無(wú)力支付學(xué)費(fèi)的年輕人設(shè)立的貸款項(xiàng)目和獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
4.After childrenmarry,their parents do not owe them a down payment on a house or money for thefurniture. They do not have an obligation to baby-sit or to take theirgrandchildren in their house when the parents were on vacation. If they want rodo it,it must be considered a favor,not an obligation.
4.孩子結(jié)婚后，父母無(wú)須為他們分期付款買房子而出底金，無(wú)須為他們購(gòu)買家具，也不一定要照顧孫輩。倘若父母樂(lè)意這么做，子女應(yīng)把這看作恩惠而不是義務(wù)。
5.In myopinion,'parents do not owe their children an inheritance,no matter how muchmoney they have. One of the surest ways to produce a loafer is to let childrenknow that their future is assured.
5.在我看來(lái)，無(wú)論父母多么有錢，都不一定要給子女一筆遺產(chǎn)。讓子女知道自己前途已有保障無(wú)疑最能使他們變?yōu)閼邢x(chóng)。
6.Do parents owetheir children anything ? Yes,they owe them a great deal.
6.那么，父母難道就不欠子女什么了嗎?不，欠得很多很多。
7.One of theirchief obligations is to give their children a sense of personal worth ofself-esteem is the basis of a good mental health. A youngster,who is constantlymade to feci stupid and unworthy,constantly compared to brighterbrothers,sisters or cousins,will become so unsure,so afraid of failing,that he(or she) won't try at ail. Of course,they should be corrected when they dowrong ; this is the way children learn. But the criticisms should be balancedwith praises,preferably with a smile and a kiss. No child is ever too old to behugged. Parents owe their children iirm guidance and consistent discipline. Itis frightening for ayoungster to feel thai he is in charge of himself; it'slike being in a car without brakes. The parents who say "Mo" when otherparents say "Yes" sends a double message. He is also saying: "Ilove you,and I am ready to risk your anger,because I don't want you to get intotrouble."
7.父母最主要的責(zé)任之一就是使孩子們尊重自己的價(jià)值。因?yàn)橹挥凶宰鹱灾夭攀墙】档木駹顟B(tài)的基礎(chǔ)。如果總讓孩子感到自己愚蠢無(wú)為，老是把他與聰明的兄弟姐妹比較，他就會(huì)變得缺乏信心，懼怕失敗，結(jié)果連嘗試一下的勇氣都沒(méi)有了。當(dāng)然，孩子有錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)糾正，這樣孩子才能有所長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。不過(guò)有批評(píng)也須有表?yè)P(yáng)，微笑和親吻是比較好的方式。孩子再大也可以擁抱。父母有義務(wù)對(duì)孩子進(jìn)行不間斷的引導(dǎo)和管束。讓十幾歲的孩子覺(jué)得自己可以隨心所欲是危險(xiǎn)的，管束孩子的父母實(shí)際上讓孩子接收到了一種雙重信息。在說(shuō)“不行”的同時(shí)，他們的意思也包含了：“我們愛(ài)你。我們知道你會(huì)生氣，但我們不愿讓你陷入困境�！�
8.Parents owe theirchildren some religious training. The tact that so many strange cults areenjoying such success is proof that children feel the need for somethingspiritual in their life.
8.父母有義務(wù)給予孩子一些宗教訓(xùn)練。事實(shí)上，很多奇怪的宗教團(tuán)體享受著成功，這正說(shuō)明了孩子們?cè)谒麄兊纳钪校枰恍┚裆系臇|西。
9.Parents owe theirchildren a comfortable feeling about their body,and enough information aboutsex to balance the misinformation that they will surely receive from theirfriends.
9.父母也有義務(wù)注意孩子的身心健康，教給孩子必要的性知識(shí)，使他能夠抵御那些將來(lái)無(wú)疑會(huì)從朋友們那兒得到的錯(cuò)誤概念。
10.Parents owetheir children privacy and respect for their personalbelongings. This means notborrowing things without permission,not readingdiaries and mail,not lookingthrough purses,pockets,and drawers. If a motherfeels that she must read herdaughter's diary to know what is going on,thecommunication between them must bepretty bad.
10.父母還應(yīng)給予孩子們個(gè)人空間，尊重屬于他的物品。這包括未經(jīng)孩子同意不使用他的東西。不看他的日記和信件，不檢查他的錢包、抽屜或衣袋。倘若一位母親感到不看女兒的日記就不知道女兒的情況時(shí)，她們之間的關(guān)系便已到了相當(dāng)糟糕的地步了。
11.Parents owetheir chi Idren a set of solid values around which to build theirlives. Thismeans teaching them to respect the rights and opinions of others; itmeans beingrespectful to elders,to teachers,and to the law. The best way to t eachsuchvalues is by example. A child who is lied to will lie. A child who seeshisparents steal tools from the factory or towels from a hotel will think thaiit is allright to steal. A youngster who sees no laughter and no love in thehome will havea difficult time laughing and loving.
11.最后，父母還有責(zé)任教給子女系列處世準(zhǔn)則，包括教育他們尊重別人的權(quán)利與意見(jiàn)，尊重師長(zhǎng)，遵守紀(jì)律。而最好的教育方法便是以身作則。受到騙的孩子會(huì)去騙人。孩子若看到家長(zhǎng)從工廠里偷工具或在旅館里偷毛巾便會(huì)以為偷竊不是錯(cuò)事。在家里看不見(jiàn)家長(zhǎng)的笑臉。得不到愛(ài)撫的孩子將來(lái)很難變得開(kāi)朗和友愛(ài)。
12. No child asksto be born. If you bring a life into the world,you owe the children something.And if you give him his due,he'll have something of value to pass along to yourgrandchi Idren.
12.沒(méi)有任何孩子是自己要求出世的。倘若你將一個(gè)生命帶到世界上來(lái)，你便對(duì)他負(fù)有義務(wù)。如果你給予了他應(yīng)得的，他也將會(huì)有一些有價(jià)值的東西傳給你的孫輩們。
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