2017職稱英語衛(wèi)生類閱讀理解練習
職稱英語衛(wèi)生類試題主要考核與醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生相關的英語知識，下面是小編整理的職稱英語衛(wèi)生類閱讀理解題，希望能幫到大家!
U.S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January
A study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.
Officials from the U. S. government's National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.
The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.
Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.
Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.
"We anticipate that in the long term, what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation's health care costs," Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.
The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.
Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.
The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.
1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to __________.
A. conduct research
B. track public health
C. prevent or treat illness
D. speed up development
2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT __________.
A. genetic samples from people in the study
B. biological samples from people in the study
C. samples from the homes of the women and their babies
D. samples of air and water from hospitals
3.It is expected that through the study the nation's health care costs __________.
A. will be lowered in the long run
B. will be significantly increased
C. will be more than $200 million
D. will reach $3.2 billion
4.The babies of the participants will be followed__________.
A. throughout their lives
B. for more than two decades
C. from birth to 21 months
D. until they get married
5.Which is NOT true of the people in the study?
A. They'll be from various areas.
B. They'll be from all income levels.
C. They'll be from all educational levels.
D. They'll be from all age groups.
答案與解析
1.c。細節(jié)題。題干：研究的目標是發(fā)現(xiàn)新的方法來__________。利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此項研究的goal，即aim，這便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2.D。細節(jié)題。題干：研究者收集了下列東西，除了__________。利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到短文的第四段。第四項應該是“參加研究的婦女及其嬰兒家中的空氣與水等物質(zhì)”，而不是“醫(yī)院中的空氣與水”。
3.A。細節(jié)題。題干：通過研究，國家的醫(yī)療費用期望可以__________。利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到短文的第六段，即預計從長遠的角度講，此項研究將有利于節(jié)約國家衛(wèi)生保健費用的開支。
4.B。細節(jié)題。題干：參與者的嬰兒會被跟蹤調(diào)查__________。利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到短文的倒數(shù)第三段，即這些嬰兒將從出生前一直被跟蹤到21歲。
5.D。細節(jié)題。題干：下列關于研究參與者的說法哪一項是不對的?利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到最后一段。前三項在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四項是錯誤的，因為研究對象都是懷孕的婦女，不可能是所有年齡段的人們。
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatones of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A. Because they killed off life more easily.
B. Because they were brighter.
C. Because they were larger.
D. Because they were hotter.
2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A. By estimating how long they lasted.
B. By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C. By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D. By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A. 300 million years ago.
B. 250 million years ago.
C. 60 million years ago.
D. 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A. They were killed off by an asteroid.
B. They died of drastic climate change.
C. They were wiped offby a volcanic eruption.
D. The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5.What is the main thesis of the article?
A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B. Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
答案與解析：
1.A。細節(jié)題。題干：為什么遠古的火山爆發(fā)比近期的火山爆發(fā)破壞性更大?利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到第一段：古代的火山更具破壞力，不是因為它們更大，而是因為它們釋放出的二氧化碳更能輕易地毀滅生命。
2.D。細節(jié)題。題干：Wignall是如何計算出遠古火山爆發(fā)的`殺傷力的?利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到第二段。第二段有這樣一句話：He calculated the“killing efficiency'’for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion oflife they killed offwith the volume oflava that they produced.(他通過比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計算這些火山的殺傷力)。
3.D。細節(jié)題。題干：恐龍是什么時候滅絕的?利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到第三段。其中有這么一句話：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact ofan asteroid.(他沒有提及6500萬年前恐龍的滅絕，因為許多科學家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響)。
4.D。細節(jié)題。題干：從第三段還可以推導出有關恐龍的什么樣的信息?在討論第三題的答案時，我們已經(jīng)注意到了，Wignall沒有提6500萬年前恐龍的滅絕是否跟火山爆發(fā)有關，因為許多科學家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。這就說明，關于恐龍滅絕的原因在科學家之間是有爭議的。
5.B。主旨題。問題問的是：文章的主要論點是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破壞力)。
Medical Education
In 18th century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine.
Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King's College) was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary (私營的 ) schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had 10W standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association(AMA) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical practitioners (開業(yè)醫(yī)師) that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 1,424 medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(聯(lián)絡) Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. D. degree; during the 1987-1988 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship ( 實習期 ) , receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.
1. In 18th century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine __________.
A. did not exist
B. were few in number
C. were better than those in Europe
D. were known for their teaching hospitals
2. Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America __________.
A. had established professionals
B. had good facilities
C. had high standards
D. were in poor conditions
3. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to __________.
A. recruit more students
B. set up more schools of medicine
C. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice
D. prevent medical schools from making huge profits
4. After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice __________.
A. if they have worked in a laboratory
B. if they have studied abroad for some time
C. if they have obtained an M. D. degree
D. if they have passed an examination
5. This passage is mainly about __________.
A. how medicine is taught in America
B. how medical education has developed in America
C. how the American educational system works
D. how one can become a good doctor、
答案：
1. B。細節(jié)題。題干：在18世紀的美國，教授醫(yī)學的高等學習機構 __________。利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到文章第一段，可知在18世紀的美國，醫(yī)學院校寥寥無幾。如果有人想當醫(yī)生，就要跟專業(yè)人員私下學，或者出國學習。直到1765年，才首次有高等院校正式開設醫(yī)學課程。
2. D。細節(jié)題。題干：最初多數(shù)的私營醫(yī)學院 __________。利用題目順序與段落順序一致的原則和題干關鍵詞可以定位到文章第二段中的第二句，即早期的私營醫(yī)學院校大都標準不高，設備較差。
3. C。細節(jié)題：AMA and AAMC設立了標準，以便 __________。利用題干中的專有名詞可以定位到文章第二段的最后一句，即AMA與AAM制訂了一系列標準，以保證醫(yī)學教學與實踐的質(zhì)量。
4. D。細節(jié)題。經(jīng)過一年實習的畢業(yè)生可以開始 __________。利用題干關鍵詞可以定位到文章的最后一段，即醫(yī)學畢業(yè)生經(jīng)過一年的實習期后，要通過州或國家的相關考試，方可獲取行醫(yī)執(zhí)照。
5. B。主旨題。題干：這篇文章主要是關于 __________。從文章的題目和內(nèi)容可知，全文重點探討的是美國醫(yī)學教育的歷史沿革。
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