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華人諾獎得主朱棣文哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講

時間:2024-08-28 14:09:35 羨儀 演講與口才 我要投稿
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華人諾獎得主朱棣文哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講

  朱棣文,美籍華裔科學(xué)家,1997年諾貝爾物理獎獲得者,現(xiàn)任政府能源部長。在2009年哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上朱棣文作了演講,該演講熱情洋溢,對畢業(yè)生們殷殷鼓勵。以下是小編為大家整理的演講技巧,供大家參考。

華人諾獎得主朱棣文哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講

  朱棣文演講中英文對照版

  Madam President Faust,members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers,faculty,family,friends,and,most importantly,today's graduates:

  尊敬的Faust校長,哈佛集團的各位成員,監(jiān)管理事會的各位理事,各位老師,各位家長,各位朋友,以及最重要的各位畢業(yè)生同學(xué):

  Thank you for letting me share this wonderful day with you.

  感謝你們,讓我有機會同你們一起分享這個美妙的日子。

  I am not sure I can live up to the high standards of Harvard Commencement speakers. Last year,J.K. Rowling,the billionaire novelist,who started as a classics student,graced this podium. The year before,Bill Gates,the mega-billionaire philanthropist and computer nerd stood here. Today,sadly,you have me. I am not wealthy,but at least I am a nerd.

  我不太肯定,自己夠得上哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮演講人這樣的殊榮。去年登上這個講臺的是,英國億萬身家的小說家J.K. Rowling女士,她最早是一個古典文學(xué)的學(xué)生。前年站在這里的是比爾·蓋茨先生,他是一個超級富翁、一個慈善家和電腦天才。今年很遺憾,你們的演講人是我,雖然我不是很有錢,但是至少我是一個書呆子。

  I am grateful to receive an honorary degree from Harvard,an honor that means more to me than you might care to imagine. You see,I was the academic black sheep of my family. My older brother has an M.D./Ph.D. from MIT and Harvard while my younger brother has a law degree from Harvard. When I was awarded a Nobel Prize,I thought my mother would be pleased. Not so. When I called her on the morning of the announcement,she replied,“That's nice,but when are you going to visit me next.” Now,as the last brother with a degree from Harvard,maybe,at last,she will be satisfied.

  我很感激哈佛大學(xué)給我榮譽學(xué)位,這對我很重要,也許比你們會想到的還要重要。要知道,在學(xué)術(shù)上,我是我們家的異類。我的哥哥在麻省理工學(xué)院得到醫(yī)學(xué)博士,在哈佛大學(xué)得到哲學(xué)博士;我的弟弟在哈佛大學(xué)得到一個法律學(xué)位。我本人得到諾貝爾獎的時候,我想我的媽媽會高興。但是,我錯了。消息公布的那天早上,我給她打電話,她聽了只說:“這是好消息,不過我想知道,你下次什么時候來看我?”如今在我們兄弟當中,我最終也拿到了哈佛學(xué)位,我想這一次,她會感到滿意。

  Another difficulty with giving a Harvard commencement address is that some of you may disapprove of the fact that I have borrowed material from previous speeches. I ask that you forgive me for two reasons.

  在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上發(fā)表演說,還有一個難處,那就是你們中有些人可能有意見,不喜歡我重復(fù)前人演講中說過的話。我要求你們諒解我,因為兩個理由。

  First,in order to have impact,it is important to deliver the same message more than once. In science,it is important to be the first person to make a discovery,but it is even more important to be the last person to make that discovery.

  首先,為了產(chǎn)生影響力,很重要的方法就是重復(fù)傳遞同樣的信息。在科學(xué)中,第一個發(fā)現(xiàn)者是重要的,但是在得到公認前,最后一個做出這個發(fā)現(xiàn)的人也許更重要。

  Second,authors who borrow from others are following in the footsteps of the best. Ralph Waldo Emerson,who graduated from Harvard at the age of 18,noted “All my best thoughts were stolen by the ancients.” Picasso declared “Good artists borrow. Great artists steal.” Why should commencement speakers be held to a higher standard?

  其次,一個借鑒他人的作者,正走在一條前人開辟的最佳道路上。哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)生、詩人愛默生曾經(jīng)寫下:“我最好的一些思想,都是從古人那里偷來的。”畫家畢加索宣稱“優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家借鑒,偉大的藝術(shù)家偷竊!蹦敲礊槭裁串厴I(yè)典禮的演說者,就不適用同樣的標準呢?

  I also want to point out the irony of speaking to graduates of an institution that would have rejected me,had I the chutzpah to apply. I am married to “Dean Jean,” the former dean of admissions at Stanford. She assures me that she would have rejected me,if given the chance. When I showed her a draft of this speech,she objected strongly to my use of the word “rejected.” She never rejected applicants; her letters stated that “we are unable to offer you admission.” I have difficulty understanding the difference. After all,deans of admissions of highly selective schools are in reality,“deans of rejection.” Clearly,I have a lot to learn about marketing.

  我還要指出一點,向哈佛畢業(yè)生發(fā)表演說,對我來說是有諷刺意味的,因為如果當年我斗膽向哈佛大學(xué)遞交入學(xué)申請,一定會被拒絕。我的妻子Jean當過斯坦福大學(xué)的招生主任,她向我保證,如果當年我申請斯坦福大學(xué),她會拒絕我。我把這篇演講的草稿給她過目,她強烈反對我使用“拒絕”這個詞,她從來不拒絕任何申請者。在拒絕信中,她總是寫:“我們無法提供你入學(xué)機會!蔽曳植磺鍍烧叩降子泻尾顒e。不過,那些大熱門學(xué)校的招生主任總是很現(xiàn)實的,堪稱“拒絕他人的主任”。很顯然,我需要好好學(xué)學(xué)怎么來推銷自己。

  My address will follow the classical sonata form of commencement addresses. The first movement,just presented,were light-hearted remarks. This next movement consists of unsolicited advice,which is rarely valued,seldom remembered,never followed. As Oscar Wilde said,“The only thing to do with good advice is to pass it on. It is never of any use to oneself.” So,here comes the advice. First,every time you celebrate an achievement,be thankful to those who made it possible. Thank your parents and friends who supported you,thank your professors who were inspirational,and especially thank the other professors whose less-than-brilliant lectures forced you to teach yourself. Going forward,the ability to teach yourself is the hallmark of a great liberal arts education and will be the key to your success. To your fellow students who have added immeasurably to your education during those late night discussions,hug them. Also,of course,thank Harvard. Should you forget,there's an alumni association to remind you. Second,in your future life,cultivate a generous spirit. In all negotiations,don't bargain for the last,little advantage. Leave the change on the table. In your collaborations,always remember that “credit” is not a conserved quantity. In a successful collaboration,everybody gets 90 percent of the credit.

  畢業(yè)典禮演講都遵循古典奏鳴曲的結(jié)構(gòu),我的演講也不例外。剛才是第一樂章——輕快的閑談。接下來的第二樂章是送上門的忠告。這樣的忠告很少有價值,幾乎注定被忘記,永遠不會被實踐。但是,就像王爾德說的:“對于忠告,你所能做的,就是把它送給別人,因為它對你沒有任何用處。”所以,下面就是我的忠告。第一,取得成就的時候,不要忘記前人。要感謝你的父母和支持你的朋友,要感謝那些啟發(fā)過你的教授,尤其要感謝那些上不好課的教授,因為他們迫使你自學(xué)。從整體看,自學(xué)能力是優(yōu)秀的文科教育中必不可少的,將成為你成功的關(guān)鍵。你還要去擁抱你的同學(xué),感謝他們同你進行過的許多次徹夜長談,這為你的教育帶來了無法衡量的價值。當然,你還要感謝哈佛大學(xué)。不過即使你忘了這一點,校友會也會來提醒你。第二,在你們未來的人生中,做一個慷慨大方的人。在任何談判中,都把最后一點點利益留給對方。不要把桌上的錢都拿走。在合作中,不要把榮譽留給自己。成功合作的任何一方,都應(yīng)獲得全部榮譽的90%。

  Jimmy Stewart,as Elwood P. Dowd in the movie “ Harvey” got it exactly right. He said: “Years ago my mother used to say to me,‘In this world,Elwood,you must be … she always used to call me Elwood … in this world,Elwood,you must be oh so smart or oh so pleasant.'” Well,for years I was smart. ... I recommend pleasant. You may quote me on that.

  電影《Harvey》中,Jimmy Stewart扮演的角色Elwood P. Dowd,就完全理解這一點。他說:“多年前,母親曾經(jīng)對我說,‘Elwood,活在這個世界上,你要么做一個聰明人,要么做一個好人。'”我做聰明人,已經(jīng)做了好多年了!,我推薦你們做好人。你們可以引用我這句話。

  My third piece of advice is as follows: As you begin this new stage of your lives,follow your passion. If you don't have a passion,don't be satisfied until you find one. Life is too short to go through it without caring deeply about something. When I was your age,I was incredibly single-minded in my goal to be a physicist. After college,I spent eight years as a graduate student and postdoc at Berkeley,and then nine years at Bell Labs. During that my time,my central focus and professional joy was physics.

  我的第三個忠告是,當你開始生活的新階段時,請跟隨你的愛好。如果你沒有愛好,就去找,找不到就不罷休。生命太短暫,所以不能空手走過,你必須對某樣?xùn)|西傾注你的深情。我在你們這個年齡,是超級的一根筋,我的目標就是非成為物理學(xué)家不可。本科畢業(yè)后,我在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校又待了8年,讀完了研究生,做完了博士后,然后去貝爾實驗室待了9年。在這些年中,我關(guān)注的中心和職業(yè)上的全部樂趣,都來自物理學(xué)。

  Here is my final piece of advice. Pursuing a personal passion is important,but it should not be your only goal. When you are old and gray,and look back on your life,you will want to be proud of what you have done. The source of that pride won't be the things you have acquired or the recognition you have received. It will be the lives you have touched and the difference you have made.

  我還有最后一個忠告,就是說興趣愛好固然重要,但是你不應(yīng)該只考慮興趣愛好。當你白發(fā)蒼蒼、垂垂老矣、回首人生時,你需要為自己做過的事感到自豪。物質(zhì)生活和你實現(xiàn)的占有欲,都不會產(chǎn)生自豪。只有那些受你影響、被你改變過的人和事,才會讓你產(chǎn)生自豪。

  After nine years at Bell labs,I decided to leave that warm,cozy ivory tower for what I considered to be the “real world,” a university. Bell Labs,to quote what was said about Mary Poppins,was “practically perfect in every way,” but I wanted to leave behind something more than scientific articles. I wanted to teach and give birth to my own set of scientific children.

  在貝爾實驗室待了9年后,我決定離開這個溫暖舒適的象牙塔,走進我眼中的“真實世界”——大學(xué)。我對貝爾實驗室的看法,可以引用Mary Poppins的話,“實際上十全十美”。但是,我想離開那種僅僅是科學(xué)論文的生活。我要去教書,培育我自己在科學(xué)上的后代。

  Ted Geballe,a friend and distinguished colleague of mine at Stanford,who also went from Berkeley to Bell Labs to Stanford years earlier,described our motives best:

  我在斯坦福大學(xué)有一個好友兼杰出同事Ted Geballe。他也是從伯克利分校去了貝爾實驗室,幾年前又離開貝爾實驗室去了斯坦福大學(xué)。他對我們的動機做出了最佳描述:

  “The best part of working at a university is the students. They come in fresh,enthusiastic,open to ideas,unscarred by the battles of life. They don"t realize it,but they"re the recipients of the best our society can offer. If a mind is ever free to be creative,that"s the time. They come in believing textbooks are authoritative,but eventually they figure out that textbooks and professors don"t know everything,and then they start to think on their own. Then,I begin learning from them.”

  “在大學(xué)工作,最大的優(yōu)點就是學(xué)生。他們生機勃勃,充滿熱情,思想自由,還沒被生活的重壓改變。雖然他們自己沒有意識到,但是他們是這個社會中你能找到的最佳受眾。如果生命中只有一段時間是思想自由和充滿創(chuàng)造力,那么那段時間就是你在讀大學(xué)。進校時,學(xué)生們對課本上的一字一句毫不懷疑,漸漸地,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)課本和教授并不是無所不知的,于是他們開始獨立思考。從那時起,就是我開始向他們學(xué)習(xí)了。”

  My students,post doctoral fellows,and the young researchers who worked with me at Bell Labs,Stanford,and Berkeley have been extraordinary. Over 30 former group members are now professors,many at the best research institutions in the world,including Harvard. I have learned much from them. Even now,in rare moments on weekends,the remaining members of my biophysics group meet with me in the ether world of cyberspace.

  我教過的學(xué)生、帶過的博士后、合作過的年輕同事,都非常優(yōu)秀。他們中有30多人,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是教授了。他們所在的研究機構(gòu)有不少是全世界第一流的,其中就包括哈佛大學(xué)。我從他們身上學(xué)到了很多東西。即使現(xiàn)在,我偶爾還會周末上網(wǎng),向現(xiàn)在還從事生物物理學(xué)研究的學(xué)生請教。

  I began teaching with the idea of giving back; I received more than I gave. This brings me to the final movement of this speech. It begins with a story about an extraordinary scientific discovery and a new dilemma that it poses. It's a call to arms and about making a difference.

  我懷著回報社會的想法,開始了教學(xué)生涯。我的一生中,得到的多于我付出的,所以我要回報社會。這就引出了這次演講的最后一個樂章。首先我要講一個了不起的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),以及由此帶來的新挑戰(zhàn)。它是一個戰(zhàn)斗的號令,到了做出改變的時候了。

  In the last several decades,our climate has been changing. Climate change is not new: the Earth went through six ice ages in the past 600,000 years. However,recent measurements show that the climate has begun to change rapidly. The size of the North Polar Ice Cap in the month of September is only half the size it was a mere 50 years ago. The sea level which been rising since direct measurements began in 1870 at a rate that is now five times faster than it was at the beginning of recorded measurements. Here's the remarkable scientific discovery. For the first time in human history,science is now making predictions of how our actions will affect the world 50 and 100 years from now. These changes are due to an increase in carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Earth has warmed up by roughly 0.8 degrees Celsius since the beginning of the Revolution. There is already approximately a 1 degree rise built into the system,even if we stop all greenhouse gas emissions today. Why? It will take decades to warm up the deep oceans before the temperature reaches a new equilibrium.

  過去幾十年中,我們的氣候一直在發(fā)生變化。氣候變化并不是現(xiàn)在才有的,過去60萬年中就發(fā)生了6次冰河期。但是,現(xiàn)在的測量表明氣候變化加速了。北極冰蓋在9月份的大小,只相當于50年前的一半。1870年起,人們開始測量海平面上升的速度,現(xiàn)在的速度是那時的5倍。一個重大的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)就這樣產(chǎn)生了?茖W(xué)第一次在人類歷史上,預(yù)測出我們的行為對50~100年后的世界有何影響。這些變化的原因是,從工業(yè)革命開始,人類排放到大氣中的二氧化碳增加了。這使得地球的平均氣溫上升了0.8攝氏度。即使我們立刻停止所有溫室氣體的排放,氣溫仍然將比過去上升大約1度。因為在氣溫達到均衡前,海水溫度的上升將持續(xù)幾十年。

  If the world continues on a business-as-usual path,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that there is a fifty-fifty chance the temperature will exceed 5 degrees by the end of this century. This increase may not sound like much,but let me remind you that during the last ice age,the world was only 6 degrees colder. During this time,most of Canada and the United States down to Ohio and Pennsylvania were covered year round by a glacier. A world 5 degrees warmer will be very different. The change will be so rapid that many species,including Humans,will have a hard time adapting. I've been told for example,that,in a much warmer world,insects were bigger. I wonder if this thing buzzing around is a precursor.

  如果全世界保持現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟模式不變,聯(lián)合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會(IPCC)預(yù)測,本世紀末將有50%的可能,氣溫至少上升5度。這聽起來好像不多,但是讓我來提醒你,上一次的冰河期,地球的氣溫也僅僅只下降了6度。那時,俄亥俄州和費城以下的大部分美國和加拿大的土地,都終年被冰川覆蓋。氣溫上升5度的地球,將是一個非常不同的地球。由于變化來得太快,包括人類在內(nèi)的許多生物,都將很難適應(yīng)。比如,有人告訴我,在更溫暖的環(huán)境中,昆蟲的個頭將變大。我不知道現(xiàn)在身旁嗡嗡叫的這只大蒼蠅,是不是就是前兆。

  We also face the specter of nonlinear “tipping points” that may cause much more severe changes. An example of a tipping point is the thawing of the permafrost. The permafrost contains immense amounts of frozen organic matter that have been accumulating for millennia. If the soil melts,microbes will spring to life and cause this debris to rot. The difference in biological activity below freezing and above freezing is something we are all familiar with. Frozen food remains edible for a very long time in the freezer,but once thawed,it spoils quickly. How much methane and carbon dioxide might be released from the rotting permafrost? If even a fraction of the carbon is released,it could be greater than all the greenhouse gases we have released to since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Once started,a runaway effect could occur.

  我們還面臨另一個幽靈,那就是非線性的“氣候引爆點”,這會帶來許多嚴重得多的變化!皻夂蛞c”的一個例子就是永久凍土層的融化。永久凍土層經(jīng)過千萬年的累積形成,其中包含了巨量的凍僵的有機物。如果凍土融化,微生物就將廣泛繁殖,使得凍土層中的有機物快速腐爛。冷凍后的生物和冷凍前的生物,它們在生物學(xué)特性上的差異,我們都很熟悉。在冷庫中,冷凍食品在經(jīng)過長時間保存后,依然可以食用。但是,一旦解凍,食品很快就腐爛了。一個腐爛的永久凍土層,將釋放出多少甲烷和二氧化碳?即使只有一部分的碳被釋放出來,可能也比我們從工業(yè)革命開始釋放出來的所有溫室氣體還要多。這種事情一旦發(fā)生,局勢就失控了。

  專業(yè)演講技巧

  絕招一:親切感

  使用第一人稱,使用簡單生動的主動語態(tài),而不是復(fù)雜乏味的波動結(jié)構(gòu),這樣好像是演講者自己直接和觀眾說話,拉近了雙方的距離,促進雙方的相互交流。

  絕招二:應(yīng)對意外

  一般來說,演講時可能遇到三種倒霉事:

  1、結(jié)巴。不用掩飾,否則會更加失態(tài)。相反,停頓一下,笑一笑,把這個句子再說一次,再繼續(xù)說下去。

  2、技術(shù)故障,如話筒出了問題等。等待人員修理,或者冷靜發(fā)言。

  3、事實錯誤,如把珍珠港事件說成是1941年9月7日。在合適的地方停下來改正錯誤,不要急躁而導(dǎo)致精力分散,出現(xiàn)更多錯誤。

  絕招三:語調(diào)的抑揚頓挫

  演講時的語調(diào)的起伏不僅能使演講更生動,而且還能傳達演講者豐富的感情信息。試想如果總是用一種平板的語調(diào),不僅演講者本身顯得無精打采,聽眾也會很快產(chǎn)生疲倦?yún)挓┑男睦。一般來說,升調(diào)傳達著激昂的情緒,如興奮、憤怒、譴責(zé)、疑問;降調(diào)則表達灰暗的情緒,如悔恨、傷心、失望和郁悶等。本篇演講就是善于運用語調(diào)的變化的優(yōu)秀范例,抑揚頓挫折,張弛結(jié)合,尤其是后半部分,通過語調(diào)的激越高亢以及反復(fù)的手段,將演講推至最高潮。

  絕招四:使用身體語言

  身體語言包括人的面部表情、手足動作、作立姿勢等。這種無聲的語言不僅會傳遞信息,而且會影響到交流的各方。演講時,表情要自然,面帶微笑,不要緊張得面部肌肉都僵硬子;眼睛要直視聽眾,與他們作眼神的交流;在演講時適當?shù)丶尤胍恍┳藙荩詮娬{(diào)你的講話但不要過分夸張。

  絕招五:正確發(fā)音

  發(fā)音正確、清晰、連貫、優(yōu)美是吸引聽眾的最有力的法寶。英語和美語有許多地方口音,這是不值得模仿的。發(fā)音不準會引起誤解,影響演說的效果。尤其要注意區(qū)別以下幾個音:其次,要注意在正確的位置連讀。

  絕招六:事前準備

  在戰(zhàn)場上,知已知彼方能百戰(zhàn)百勝;演講也不例外。首先要客觀地了解和評估點自己,選擇適當?shù)难葜v題目;其次要根據(jù)主題搜集材料,并將這些材料按一定的順序排列;最后設(shè)定講稿框架,尤其是精心設(shè)置演講的開頭和結(jié)尾。與前面的演講不同,比爾·蓋茨的這篇演講是一篇商業(yè)演講,主要是為微軟作宣傳,通過對DNS系統(tǒng)未來的描述來記聽眾了解微軟將在未來計算機領(lǐng)域所起的作用。他的選詞造句的要求沒有政治演講的高,也沒有復(fù)雜、深奧的詞匯,但他的演講脈絡(luò)清晰,主題明確,看出是事前做好了充分準備的。

  絕招七:語速的把握

  確定講稿后,可根據(jù)內(nèi)容以及自己的特性來確定語速。語速不僅有天生的因素,也可以通過后天的刻意訓(xùn)練來改變。一般來說,語速不要太快——因為會給人一種緊張的感覺,也不要太慢——顯得遲鈍沉悶,能找到自己說起來比較舒服,同時也適中的語速是最好的。本篇演講的語速稍稍有些嫌快,若不是演講者的幽默活躍了全場的氣氛,還真有些顯得太過急促。

  絕招八:音量的控制

  演講時聲音的大小是最能反映演講者是否自信的一個因素。一個小若蚊蟲、大家扯著耳朵都無法聽清在哼唧些什么的聲音,是絕不會與自信扯上關(guān)系的。當然也不用扯著嗓子說話,否則不僅容易失聲,也會顯得失態(tài)。讓在場的每一個人能清楚舒服地聽到你的聲音就可以了,一些特別的句子或詞語可以加重以作強調(diào)。也許是由于錄音問題,本篇演講的聲音偏小,顯得有些有氣無力。

  絕招九:節(jié)奏的把握

  除了語速和音量,演講的節(jié)奏也是關(guān)系成敗的一個重要因素。別忘了演講中也有標點符號,適當?shù)耐nD不僅會顯得張弛結(jié)合,同時能給聽眾提供一個理解回味的時候,集中他們的注意力。另外,掌握節(jié)奏的快慢有助于控制演講的時間,同時也是傳遞感情的一種方式

  如何提高演講技巧

  工作學(xué)習(xí)中,經(jīng)常需要演講,有的人風(fēng)度翩翩,引人入勝,而有的人則比較緊張,上臺之后,只知道照著PPT念,效果大打折扣。演講是需要技巧的。

  1、短而精。

  首先保證你的演講簡短而精確,這樣你的觀眾才能保持注意力,認真聽你的演講。一個冗長的演講會使你的觀眾很快失去興趣。如果你有很復(fù)雜的想法,那么把他分成幾個小部分,易于吸收。

  2、不要附加無關(guān)材料。

  演講中或許需要添加一些奇聞異事,但是太多的無關(guān)材料會讓觀眾懷疑你演講的權(quán)威性。讓你的每一個詞更有分量,刪掉每一個沒有價值的信息。

  3、不要為你的好點子而道歉。

  正因為你的想法是偉大的,所以你才在觀眾面前演講。不要為你的想法而道歉,自信和熱情是使人們關(guān)注你的最佳方法。興奮是會傳染的,所以讓你的觀眾沉浸在你的想法中。

  4、做一個好的開頭。

  在演講開始就要抓住你的觀眾的眼睛,這樣他們才會堅持聽到最后。所以剛開始,一定要選取最好的素材,吸引大家的眼球。

  5、想象一切都很順利。

  公眾演講是有壓力的,人們很容易想到如果演講出錯了怎么辦。如果你老是想著什么事情會出錯,那么它真的有可能發(fā)生。想象一切會順利,你將會使你的感覺變成現(xiàn)實。

  6、一定要自信。

  首先你得自己有自信,觀眾才會相信你。自信的走到人群前演講,你的自信會使觀眾抓住你的每句話,達到完美效果。

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