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高考書面表達審題“三步走”
導(dǎo)語:近幾年全國卷書面表達給考生提供了很大的思維空間,讓考生圍繞主題去組織思想和內(nèi)容,那么如何審題就顯得尤為重要。如果審題不清,就很容易文不對題,即跑題、漏題或偏題。因此,考生在平時訓(xùn)練中要逐漸培養(yǎng)審題和發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞的能力。
步驟指導(dǎo)
第一步:定體裁、中心審題準(zhǔn)——審題確定方向,行文緊扣主題
根據(jù)提示,首先要弄清寫何種體裁的文章,是記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文,還是議論文。無論提供材料的方式是文字描述,還是圖畫或表格,要求文章的主要體裁是唯一的。近幾年全國卷寫作考查書信類居多,在確定是應(yīng)用文的.書信類之后,還要審是建議信、請求信、道歉信還是推薦信等,要求寫的是說明介紹、解釋原因還是計劃安排等。
第二步:定要點、人稱、時態(tài)要點準(zhǔn)——要點全而不漏
要點要全:根據(jù)要點提示,提取keywords, 擬定topic sentences。定要點時要弄清什么該寫,什么不該寫;哪些該詳寫,哪些該略寫。
人稱要對:審人稱,即用什么人稱來表達。書信中常常會用到第一、二人稱,但在涉及其他人、物介紹說明時,常用第三人稱。
時態(tài)要準(zhǔn):講述現(xiàn)在的情況應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時;涉及計劃打算時,常用一般將來時;涉及對以往的敘述時,常用一般過去時。當(dāng)然情態(tài)動詞的恰當(dāng)運用,也會使表達更加準(zhǔn)確,語氣更加自然。
第三步:定段落結(jié)構(gòu)美——行文條理清晰,力避一段到底,根據(jù)寫作提示內(nèi)容與要點,常采用二段式或三段式的段落模式。
實戰(zhàn)演練
【典例】(2016全國卷Ⅰ)假定你是李華,暑假想去一家外資公司兼職,已寫好申請書和個人簡歷(resume)。給外教Ms Jenkins 寫信,請她幫你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。
注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
【審題步驟】
第一步:定體裁、中心
體裁:a letter for help
主題:correct mistakes about the words and format
第二步:定要點、人稱、時態(tài)
寫作要點:Point 1:the purpose of writing the letter
Point 2:to find a part\|time job
Point 3:have finished the application form and personal resume
Point 4:help me correct mistakes about the words and format
人稱:第一、二人稱
時態(tài):以一般現(xiàn)在時為主,合理運用情態(tài)動詞
第三步:定段落
Para. 1:寫信目的
Para. 2:暑假計劃與尋求幫助
Para. 3:表達謝意
【參考范文】
Dear Ms Jenkins,
I want to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and
Im writing to ask you for some help.
In order to earn some extra money and reduce my familys burden,Id like to
go to an overseas\|funded company to find a part\|time job. Ive finished the application form and personal resume. But Im not sure if they are written well
enough to catch their eye. Please refer to the attachments which include the
application form and resume and correct mistakes about the words and format.
Id appreciate it if you could help me revise them. Looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【典例】 ( 2015全國卷Ⅱ)假如你是李華,計劃和同學(xué)去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人們過重陽節(jié)(the Double Ninth Festival)。請給外教露西寫封郵件,邀她一同前往,內(nèi)容包括:1.出發(fā)及返回時間;2.活動:包餃子、表演節(jié)目等。
注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;
2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫;
3.結(jié)語已為你寫好。
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【審題步驟】
第一步:定體裁、中心
體裁:an email of invitation
主題:a plan to visit the nursing home
第二步:定要點、人稱、時態(tài)
寫作要點:
Point 1:to invite Lucy to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home
Point 2:to help the elderly there
Point 3:the time to set off — at 9 in the morning; the time to come
back:around 4 oclock in the afternoon
Point 4:activities — making dumplings and cakes, dancing and playing
games
人稱:采用第一、二人稱
時態(tài):以一般將來時為主
第三步:定段落
Para. 1:介紹重陽節(jié),概述活動計劃
Para. 2:具體活動安排
Para. 3:發(fā)出邀請及提醒
【參考范文】
Dear Lucy,
The Double Ninth Festival,which is the day set aside for the elderly in our
culture,is drawing near. Our class plan is to visit the nursing home this Sunday
in order to help the elderly there and enrich our after\class life at the same time.
Here are some detailed arrangements during our stay there. Well make
dumplings and cakes with the elderly people. Well also spend some fun time
together singing,dancing and playing games,which will make them happy. We should be back around 4 oclock in the afternoon as planned. Im convinced that the
activity will be enjoyable and meaningful.
If youd like to join us,please let us know and well wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
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