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高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題解題技巧
對(duì)閱讀理解能力的測(cè)試是高考英語(yǔ)考試中必不可少的測(cè)試項(xiàng)目，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)于不同體裁或不同題材語(yǔ)言材料的理解能力，以及通過(guò)材料的閱讀，對(duì)材料中信息的捕獲能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題的難度在不斷增大，考生們也大多知難而進(jìn)，下面，北京新東方中小學(xué)一對(duì)一賀楠老師與大家分享解題技巧。
一、四選一型閱讀
高考閱讀不同文體按照題型分類(lèi)主要分為五大類(lèi)：細(xì)節(jié)題、推理題、主旨大意題、詞義句意猜測(cè)題、結(jié)構(gòu)順序題。
1、細(xì)節(jié)題解題技巧
細(xì)節(jié)題，顧名思義，就是指針對(duì)文章的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)置的試題。細(xì)節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)用同義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換后進(jìn)行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(通常是四個(gè))放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項(xiàng)或選出錯(cuò)誤的一項(xiàng))或?qū)讉�(gè)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行排序等。解答這類(lèi)試題時(shí)，一個(gè)常用的方法就是運(yùn)用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較從而確定答案(此時(shí)要特別注意一些常見(jiàn)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換)。
現(xiàn)在圍繞上述的定位理論，引申出幾個(gè)小的技巧：
(1) 關(guān)鍵信息定位法。這個(gè)主要是細(xì)節(jié)題，如涉及到數(shù)字(日期、時(shí)間、價(jià)格等)，就可以在文章中快速圈出數(shù)字，再找出目標(biāo)數(shù)字及相對(duì)應(yīng)的細(xì)節(jié)作息，還有人物姓名、地點(diǎn)名詞等等，其他的還包括一些提示情節(jié)發(fā)展，或條綱性關(guān)鍵字眼，如First， Next， Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s， I always wanted to fly a plane， but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英語(yǔ)北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析：此題屬典型細(xì)節(jié)題，通過(guò)題干中的時(shí)間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分，很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
(2) 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問(wèn)題所用的關(guān)鍵詞和文中的不一致，但屬于同義性質(zhì)，同義轉(zhuǎn)換其實(shí)是在關(guān)鍵間的基礎(chǔ)上拐了個(gè)彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out， exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英語(yǔ)北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析：此題屬細(xì)節(jié)題，定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對(duì)應(yīng)，而want most和longs for對(duì)應(yīng)，這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結(jié)：在閱讀中，精準(zhǔn)快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質(zhì)。定位法是需要在做題的過(guò)程中有意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)的，做題的技巧也是可以總結(jié)的，關(guān)鍵是要自覺(jué)培養(yǎng)這種分析歸納和總結(jié)的意識(shí)以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義：在理解原文字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過(guò)程。
出現(xiàn)特征：在考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的詞有infer， imply， indicate， conclude， learn from， probably， most likely， prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'; “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her， but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英語(yǔ)北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析：由題目得知：是考察作者的態(tài)度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語(yǔ)和行為，即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her， but what could we have done? She was a present.“
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對(duì)它是正的情感，排除C，D.再由作者對(duì)它的不舍，答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在閱讀原文基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮選項(xiàng)是否與文章主題有密切聯(lián)系
(2) 再看選項(xiàng)對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
(3) 要注意題目是否過(guò)大或者過(guò)小
(4) 要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤
概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，導(dǎo)致范圍過(guò)小)
過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為擴(kuò)大范圍)
以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警報(bào)) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years， particularly among young people. The wireless industry's trade association， CTIA， estimates(估計(jì)) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act， a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before， and during， disasters and other emergencies，” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said， following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary， but it has received support from the wireless industry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages， according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president， likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”， which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abduction (綁架) emergencies， or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英語(yǔ)山東卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析：D。主旨大意題。第一段開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，提出將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)全國(guó)性的短信警報(bào)系統(tǒng);最后一段重申主題，對(duì)這種新系統(tǒng)的未來(lái)進(jìn)行展望。因此最準(zhǔn)確的標(biāo)題是D。A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在protecting students;B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在by wireless industry;C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過(guò)閱讀上下文，結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的賞識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)尚不熟悉的詞或者詞組的意思。出現(xiàn)特征：劃線或者引號(hào)
解題方法之一：根據(jù)上下文，往往是本句中的同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。
Weeks later， standing before this unfriendly mass， I was totally lost. Oh well， I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk， burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report， it all became clear， “My report is on George Washington， the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京，B篇，62，答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析：從burning這個(gè)詞來(lái)說(shuō)，意為“發(fā)熱的，強(qiáng)烈的，燃燒的”，后面緊跟動(dòng)詞詞組“find out”說(shuō)明在尋找時(shí)刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的，最后是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，是我曾經(jīng)做錯(cuò)過(guò)什么，那么這個(gè)題目顯然就是選擇和“渴望的，熱切的”詞義，顯然為D選項(xiàng)。
5、結(jié)構(gòu)順序題解題技巧
常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式：
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路：
(1) 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開(kāi)頭，簡(jiǎn)要概括文章的中心思想，
(2) 找出或者總結(jié)每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開(kāi)頭，也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見(jiàn)主旨題之main idea型。
(3) 最后根據(jù)每段主題確定段與段之間的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫，邏輯嚴(yán)密。為突出主題，作者可能采用不同的寫(xiě)作手法來(lái)組織文章，通過(guò)舉例、比較、類(lèi)比等手法來(lái)透徹闡明主題觀點(diǎn)。
The Diet Zone： A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke， diet Pepsi， diet pills， no-fat diet， vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically(身體上).
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level， we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight， but in controlling the consumption of fatty， high-calorie， unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level， diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink， we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain， and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us， but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional， and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us， it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds， not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this， we will be much better able to resist diet products， and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英語(yǔ)北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
解析：文章第一段點(diǎn)明節(jié)食產(chǎn)品在誤導(dǎo)人們;第二段說(shuō)明節(jié)食產(chǎn)品對(duì)人們心理上的影響;第三段說(shuō)明節(jié)食產(chǎn)品誤導(dǎo)人們認(rèn)為不費(fèi)勁就可以減肥，即對(duì)人們身體上的危害;第四段說(shuō)明節(jié)食產(chǎn)品的危害;第五段說(shuō)明人們應(yīng)該慎重對(duì)待節(jié)食產(chǎn)品，故從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上看應(yīng)該是B項(xiàng)正確。
二、七選五型閱讀
考生需要在語(yǔ)篇信息存在缺失的情況下，準(zhǔn)確理解整篇文章，特別是設(shè)題部位前后句的邏輯關(guān)系，通過(guò)上下文的線索進(jìn)行判斷，預(yù)測(cè)下文，然后做出正確判斷。
命題分析：我們?nèi)绻颜恼驴闯梢粋�(gè)信息群，這個(gè)信息群實(shí)際上是由兩大信息版塊構(gòu)成的：
已知信息：原文在五處空缺之外的沒(méi)有被挖掉的信息
待選信息：七個(gè)待選選項(xiàng)中的信息
這兩個(gè)信息板塊間絕不是孤立的，而是有緊密的互動(dòng)邏輯關(guān)系，連起來(lái)是一篇完整的文章。
考試題型對(duì)學(xué)生的考察能力來(lái)看無(wú)外乎兩個(gè)方面：
(1) 把握整篇文章的布局和邏輯層次關(guān)系
(2) 把握微觀信息間關(guān)聯(lián)性(即空格前后句間關(guān)系)
解題方法：詞匯同現(xiàn)、詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)、代詞妙用、數(shù)字線索、邏輯線索。
Muzak
The next time you go into a bank， a store， or a supermarket， stop and listen. What do you hear? _____ (71) It's similar to the music you listen to， but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you， or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing， but you react to the music anyway.
Quiet background music used to be called “elevator (電梯) music” because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places， and it has a new name “Muzak”. About one-third of the people in America listen to “Muzak” everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time， with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning， and between three and four in the afternoon， when people are more tired.______ (72)
If you listen to Muzak carefully， you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak， but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? _____ (73)
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ (74)Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
_____ (75)They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another， Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!( 2010年高考英語(yǔ)北京卷)
A. Some people don't like Muzak.
B. The music gives them extra energy.
C. Music is playing in the background.
D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.
E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
答案：CBFDA
代詞妙用：代詞指代前面提到的thing， 所以只要找到與代詞含義一致的詞就可搞定。
71空格后面出現(xiàn)“It's similar to the music you listen to，”那么我們只要分析出其中的“it”的具體指代即可，通過(guò)題目及略讀下文，我們很容易知道該文介紹一種音樂(lè)，而且第一段故作懸念，一直未給出其名字，所以我們只要找到選項(xiàng)中包含音樂(lè)一詞而沒(méi)有點(diǎn)名繆扎克一詞的即可，很容易鎖定BC選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)锽項(xiàng)意義與下文相去甚遠(yuǎn)，故舍B取C沒(méi)商量。
75空格后出現(xiàn)“They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.”，同理，我們就要確定“they”的具體指代，首先由于“say”的出現(xiàn)，我們鎖定“they”為人的復(fù)數(shù)，所以輕松鎖定ADF，所謂真金不怕火來(lái)煉，D顯然邏輯不通，F(xiàn)由于其主語(yǔ)也為人，段落第一句永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)意思不明的代詞(we， you 除外，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢悦鞔_指代廣義的人)，故輕松排除F選出真金A。
72此題雖然不是明顯的后文出現(xiàn)代詞，但其前亦有代詞出現(xiàn)，“It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning，”下文承接上文，肯定有聯(lián)系，找出“it”的具體指代-the music， 輕松選出B項(xiàng)。(注：也可應(yīng)用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法)
詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法：情非得已時(shí)選擇的一種方法，知道與前后文中有詞匯重復(fù)的選項(xiàng)即可，有時(shí)也可指含義一致的詞匯，如72
73前文中“but others are happy when their songs are chosen”有“their songs”， F項(xiàng)亦有相同詞匯出現(xiàn)，放進(jìn)去，意思通曉明白，搞定。
74后文中“Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有”percent more“，D項(xiàng)亦有相同詞匯出現(xiàn)，且意思連貫，選出即可。
72題中前句中出現(xiàn)”when people are more tired. “能夠與”tired“相對(duì)應(yīng)的四選項(xiàng)中只有”energy“，累了對(duì)應(yīng)能量，亦可做出此題。
如現(xiàn)您有關(guān)課程的任何疑問(wèn)，您均可致電400-815-1616，北京新東方中小學(xué)一對(duì)一專(zhuān)業(yè)老師會(huì)為您答疑解惑。
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