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英語閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)計劃
一，英語閱讀能力對英語學習的重要性
對于將英語作為外語的中國人來說，英語閱讀不僅是英語學習的目的，而且是英語學習的主要手段和途徑。英語閱讀技能不僅是最重要的語言技能之一，也是學生必須掌握的學習技能之一。英語閱讀能力是發(fā)展其他語言技能的基礎(chǔ)和前提。
二，英語閱讀能力的分析
閱讀是一種言語活動。在這過程中所表現(xiàn)出來的能力，被稱為“閱讀能力”或“閱讀理解能力。”要具備這種能力，還必須具備豐富的知識結(jié)構(gòu)。一個擁有社會、文化、風土人情、天文地理、歷史等方面的知識的人，在讀有關(guān)內(nèi)容的英文材料時，要比不具備這方面知識的人輕松得多，理解的也會透徹得多。他不僅能夠理解文中所說的內(nèi)容，而具還能夠?qū)⑽闹兴v的內(nèi)容與文中未講的有關(guān)內(nèi)容聯(lián)系起來。如果不具備這些知識，他就不可能達到對文章的透徹理解。
要想進行有效的閱讀，除了具備上述的能力外，還要具備篇章的知識。例如，要盡快知道報紙的大概內(nèi)容，就首先要了解版面的內(nèi)容，然后找到感興趣的版面，先讀標題，后確定要讀的內(nèi)容。我們要想了解全書的內(nèi)容，首先要閱讀內(nèi)容提要，然后閱讀目錄和前言。所有這一切都清楚地表明，篇章知識是有效閱讀必不可少的一個因素，是閱讀能力的重要組成部分。
三，英語閱讀的方法
1. 導讀 ( Preparation for reading )
導讀是在閱讀文章之前的準備。閱讀材料涉及到天文地理、歷史人物、環(huán)境保護、自然災(zāi)害、工作生活、文學藝術(shù)、科學技術(shù)、體育衛(wèi)生、人權(quán)、政治等各個領(lǐng)域。體裁有記敘、書信、日記、小品、戲劇、傳記、詩歌、說明文等。在導讀過程中，根據(jù)閱讀材料的不同內(nèi)容和不同體裁，適當?shù)夭殚喴恍┡c文章有關(guān)的背景知識，幫助了解閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，將大大激發(fā)對材料的興趣，明顯提高閱讀的效果。
例如在讀題為American English一文時，可以利用收音機或錄音機，有選擇地轉(zhuǎn)錄BBC和VOA的英語節(jié)目，聽原汁原味的美國英語和英國英語。聽完之后判斷并注意英美英語在發(fā)音、拼寫和用詞上的差異。然后把這些差異一一列出來進行比較。
A.在詞匯方面的差異：
美國：gas, baggage, mail, movie,
英國：petrol, luggage, post, film,
B.在拼寫方面的差異：
美國：check, jail, color, favor, center,
英國：cheque, gaol, colour, favour, centre,
C.在發(fā)音方面的差異：
美國：again [ 'gein], clerk [klз:k], dance [d?ns]
英國：again [ 'gen], clerk [kla:k], dance [da:ns]
2.掠讀 ( Skimming )
掠讀是由閱讀目的所決定的。在進行掠讀時，不需要詳盡地理解所讀材料，只是了解閱讀材料的基本信息，快速瀏覽全篇，領(lǐng)會主旨或抓住主要內(nèi)容。可以跳過細節(jié)，跳過不重要的思想和例子。
掠讀是一個人可能達到的最快的閱讀速度。例如在課外閱讀時，想在五分鐘內(nèi)了解一篇文章的大概內(nèi)容，或者想在考試前幾分鐘內(nèi)將要考的內(nèi)容再復(fù)習一遍，都可以用掠讀的方法。
掠讀通�？梢酝ㄟ^以下幾個步驟來完成。
(1) 抓住段落特點
每一篇文章都是由各個段落組成的，而每一個段落都是提綱的一個要點，只要抓住了提綱的要點，也就抓住了整個段落的意思，才能迅速地獲取閱讀信息。
(2) 抓主題句
一個段落只有一個主題思想，主題句是表達段落中心思想的句子，它是一個段落中關(guān)鍵性的句子。抓住了主題句，就抓住了段落的中心思想，就抓住了段落的綱。主題句的位置可能有三種情況：一是主題句位于段首；二是主題句位于段末；三是主題句位于段中。主題句位于句首的情況最為普遍，通常為段落的第一句或第二句，找出每段的主題句，進行歸納總結(jié)，就能增加理解的深度。
3．檢索讀 ( Scanning )
同掠讀一樣，檢索讀也是一種快速閱讀的方法。兩者的不同之處在于：掠讀是從閱讀材料中獲得大意，其目的是了解閱讀內(nèi)容的概要。檢索讀是從閱讀材料中尋找某些特定的信息。掠讀是事先對閱讀材料一無所知，而檢索讀則是在對閱讀材料有所了解的情況下進行的。
檢索讀的步驟如下：
(1)學生要時刻清楚地記著自己要尋找的特定信息。
(2)學生應(yīng)迅速沿著文章自上而下掃視，時刻期待所找信息從未讀部分顯現(xiàn)出來。
(3)若找到信息，應(yīng)該仔細看一看，證實所找信息是否確定。在檢索讀時，心中帶著問題，看一看文中是不有問題的答案。
4．猜詞性閱讀
在課外閱讀過程中，特別是在掠讀或檢索讀時，如果遇到不懂的詞或句子，手頭又沒有辭典的情況下，怎么辦？這時可利用上下文線索猜測詞義。要培養(yǎng)高效的閱讀能力就要學會利用生詞的上下文去尋找猜詞懂意的線索。后文的閱讀往往能澄清整段的意思，對整段意思的理解又反過來為理解生詞提供了整體背景，使猜測有了可尋的線索。猜詞性閱讀可以通過以下幾種方法來進行：
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法理解詞義；
While early settlers had killed bison for food, now the killing became more widespread.
widespread是一個合成詞。把它分開成為wide, spread就可知其意。
(2)根據(jù)上下文理解：
Now they could ride horse, it became easier to hunt the bison, a type of cattle which used to exist in huge number on the plains of America.
當不理解這個詞時， 可根據(jù)后面的解釋來理解這是 a type of cattle.
(3)根據(jù)句了結(jié)構(gòu)理解：
Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of bison, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plaons.
通過分析句子成分可知，a change…bison是fact的同位語。主語是fact,謂語是had an effect on …根據(jù)上文所述可理解此句。
5.細讀 ( Close reading )
掃清語言障礙是細讀的首要任務(wù)，在經(jīng)歷了前面的掠讀和檢索讀后，應(yīng)該對閱讀材料的大意和思想有了整體的理解，但是對于一些句子和單詞的意思，也就是細節(jié)，還不是很清楚，這時就需要細讀或稱為精讀。
細讀的過程包括理解生詞詞義、結(jié)構(gòu)表達的意義及句子表達的語法意義�？梢詫渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)進行語法分析和判斷。這樣做可以掃清在閱讀過程中的語言障礙。然后把文章的中心提出來，進行分析、總結(jié)和概括，并揭示各分論點之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，深入到課文的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)中去理解文章，理解作者意圖，掌握文章的中心思想。
綜上所述，英語閱讀能力都是在大量閱讀實踐活動中培養(yǎng)的。因此，閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)需要各種形式。閱讀能力的全面發(fā)展要求系統(tǒng)化。大家需要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習慣和好的閱讀技能，并持之以恒，堅持不懈。培養(yǎng)英語閱讀技能不僅要充分挖掘快速閱讀能力的潛力，而且要注意提高閱讀技能和消除閱讀技能的障礙。只有熟練掌握英語閱讀技能的學生才能高效率地閱讀。這樣的閱讀活動，不但可以激發(fā)閱讀的興趣和動機，滿足學習英語的成就感；而且還可以培養(yǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、解決問題的能力和用英語思考、用英語交際的能力和自學英語的能力。
[原創(chuàng)]A thank-you letter
Hi, Valerie,
How are you? have you got the approval for your new EP(Employment Pass).
If yes, congratulations!
I wanted to email to GP first, but temporally can't
find his address. It doesn't mean I don't want to write
to you, just feel like GP is more closer to me that
time.
GP told me that because of me you don't want to
talk to Kent either. I was very appreciateful, cause
I took this as my true friend's action! However, Rex
didn't do as you did at all!
I didn't talk to you much when we were in the same
company, though you just sat behind me. Last time I
thought even talk too much with another girl is
considered a great offence to my "wife". I was stuck
too deep to stay awake of this mass. Thank you and GP
so much for having given me great support when I
needed it badly.
I miss GP and you, really. Just hope one day we can
meet together and drink together. I am sure I won't
have a boss like GP again, not to mention a colleague
like you and Vincent. You guys left me the sweetest
memories in Singapore. How am I going to thank
you?
Please tell GP that I have mailed to you and let me know
his address as well. I want to email to him too. I'm
now at home being taken well care of by my parents.
They are about to buy me a car so that I can travel to
some other provinces in China. Ok, my daddy is back,
got to take lunch with him. See you.
All the bests to you and GP
Danny
[原創(chuàng)]About the F word
When I first started to learn English in middle school, I didn't know there is F word in vocabulary. Until many years later, browsing through a book about American Slang in the college library, I spotted the F word in an expression about cursing. I looked it up in my dictionary, but found nothing. Back then, we didn’t have computers or Internet, which gives you access to any sort of information in the blink of an eye, nor did we have DVD or VCD. The only chance we could watch American movie was that during some weekday evening the American teachers played some movies brought from US on a VCR. The TV in our classroom was very small, and the sound was poor. And the room was always packed and had an awful smell of body odor, stale air, and lots of noises.
Honestly, I could understand disturbingly little of the movie, which had no subtitle and couldn’t be played back. All we studied was some stupid textbooks titled advanced English with passages written probably decades or even centuries ago by some famous writers or philosophers whatsoever.
Many years passed, we have more options of English learning, and my knowledge increases. I found that the f word is so widely used in English that no one could say his or her English is really good without solid knowledge of it.
To many beginners, teachers told them that the f word is a bad and crude word they should never learn or use. But I think this is terribly wrong. The f word, though often used as a verbal insult to other people as in “f you”, it is also frequently used to indicate anger, resentment, affection, or even care. Some good examples could be easily caught in the many popular American movies. “Where the f are you talking about?” “Where the f have you been” The speaker may be simply emphasizing an emotion of surprise, shock, or concern. The most interesting word incorporating the f word is “abso-f ing-lutely” in one episode of the TV show “Sex and the City”. If we don’t know how to use the f word, it is really hard to express a degree of certainty higher than the word “absolute”.
My point is that as language learners we should always keep in mind that sometimes what you see is not what you get. To learn a language better, it requires us so much more than hard work and practice. We need to expose ourselves to a more authentic language environment even it is very difficult for people like us living and working in China. The earlier we expose ourselves to cross-cultural problems, the more obstacles we come across in learning English, the deeper we would understand the language. So challenge yourself and you would become tougher and smarter.
為了更好理解這篇文章，請觀看以下電影：http://www.ebaumsworld.com/fwordflash.html
[原創(chuàng)]BEC高級--讓我難忘的考試
又一年的BEC考試又要開始了.很多人急著復(fù)習備考了.平心而論,她在對測試非英語為母語的考生運用英語作為工具進行商務(wù)活動能力的方面還是比較有說服力和權(quán)威性的,所以對于將來有志進入(或已經(jīng)進入)外企進行國際貿(mào)易的人員來說,這項考試還是值得一試的.特別是BEC HIGHER, 她對英語綜合能力的評估力度相對更大一些.
由于BEC考試有她特有的特點,報考她的人也越來越多.但是也正是由于她將英語和商務(wù)結(jié)合到一起,致使考試難度加大.無論是對于沒有經(jīng)過英語專業(yè)訓練的非英語專業(yè)考生,還是對于學習英語專業(yè)但沒有商務(wù)知識的考生來說都是比較困難的.尤其如果是沒有正式進入工作崗位,只是在校學生,他們對BEC高級商務(wù)實務(wù)不是很了解,在解決具體考試內(nèi)容的時候,就會有一定難度.
[原創(chuàng)]Government Officers
I had no idea what the government officers were like before I joined my bureau. I, however, had no positive impressions on them, because of some officers I approached when I was a salesman.
Of course, I usually contacted those who were in charge of purchasing. Those officers were/maybe still are proud, demanding and powerful. Some of them hinted me for returns and some just asked directly. I invited them for dinner sometimes, and they ordered the most expensive dishes. Some even asked for more services after dinner. Not until all the so-called services were done, did they want to release some useful information to us or sign the purchasing orders. That’s why I used to look down upon them. They were nothing but a big pile of shit to me.
And now I’m working as a government officer too, not only because I am tired of being a salesman, but I want a stable and reliable job. I don’t think this position will be my final career destination, though! It’s been three months since I joined in the bureau. I’m impressed by the government officers in my bureau, because they are far away from what I thought before. Some of them are really good and responsible people!
Our bureau is a bit different from the others, because we are in charge of all the trades and investments in the city. Local companies have to apply for invitation letters if they want their foreign customers, colleagues, friends, relatives or whoever to come to Shenyang to live or work. And we’re in charge of all the foreign companies in the city. Though we have great power in hand, we use it to get more legal foreign investments and for anything which could be helpful for employment opportunities.
Some small problems still occurred to me after I became a member of the officers. I had no such experience on dealing with them before. For example: A section director asked me to translate a long essay for him. I said yes, but my boss was not happy because he said the director had no right to ask his man to do anything without his permission. I understood, cause he is my boss. I shall not take orders from other people, though their ranks are much higher than mine! So my boss asked me to leave his translation alone and let him to explain to the director. In fact, he forgot to do it, and I was there waiting for the consequence. It came to me pretty soon. The director told the president of my bureau that my English was poor. And don’t forget I just impressed the boss in a negative way. I smiled when I heard this, bitterly. “So what?” I asked myself. It’s no big deal. Danny’s English level has been proved by many foreigners, not only from English-speaking countries. I have, at least, great confidence on my English skills.
This incident made me more mature. Working for the Chinese government is not easy. As long as you’re sophisticated enough, you will definitely stand a batter chance to be promoted. You have to be bad, mean and whatever suitable for the job. I’m outta here, sooner or later. Like my brother told me before: if you work for the government, you’re gonna die soon.
Now I understand what he meant. Oops, being a government officer is not easy; being a good and innocent one is nearly impossible. So are you ready to be a government officer?
[原創(chuàng)]how to "use" english!!!
some people just dont know why after 10 years of learning they
still cant speak like a 10 year old native speaker. the only
reason or difference is that while you are "learning" english,
a native kid is "using" english.
a book just wont get you anywhere, but without a good book,
you cant go far either. so here is my idea, use the language
first, read when there is something you dont understand, but
before you go through this reading process, do ask a native
for help first.
i spent 3 years on this and it definitely worked. i hope
newbies could do like i did, but one thing for sure, you will
never be as good at this as you wanna be, and this feeling will
either get you motivated or bored, if you can manage well, you
will see the big picture.
here is a website where you can meet a lot of native people,
www.facethejury.com , there is a forum which can be accessed
for free if you register, you can chat with native people on
that forum in real time, its much better than having a teacher
right? well, at least i think so.
you know, i avoid the chance to talk with non native speakers,
because i might learn from them, and they might become some
kind of habbit to me, which tells you not to use english with
your own kind, cause if you do it will not do you any good.
mistakes can happen, but make sure they dont come out all the
time, cause if they do your brain will register them and it
will be hard for you to correct later on.
dont you ever think going abroad to learn english is much better
than doing it in your own country and dont forget who you are, because if you forget who you really are, no one else would
remember that for you, and if you think going abroad can learn
the real thing, to some point you are right, but for most of
you, its a big mistake, who told you native speakers can accept
you as their friend when you still need to learn english? if
you cant talk fluently with them they will get bored.
dont argue, if a native spearker says "hey whats up", you just
need to accept the fact that they dont use "hello how are you",
just register that piece in your mind and use it the next time
you see someone you know, "habbitize" yourself. "ima tell you
like dis," grammar rules dont work very well in real conversations
if you see what i mean.
"is" and "are", you dont know how to use them? maybe a native
speaker doesnt know that either but they do know how to use
them in a "right" kind of way. "who you think you is?" does
this one sound right to you? cause it does sound right for a
native. whatever a native says, its right, if you follow,
you will become more like them.
alright, im sick of this long ass sh*t, enough for you to
get my point...(or maybe i need to write more?)
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