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牛津高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法講解
牛津英語(yǔ)能夠給那些仍然在前進(jìn)道路上迷茫，或被慣性思維束縛的年輕人一些啟示，讓他們了解足夠多的人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)與哲理，能夠以更輕松、更快樂(lè)的姿態(tài)去面對(duì)生活，也為迎接人生的輝煌做好準(zhǔn)備。以下是小編整理的關(guān)于牛津高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法講解，希望大家認(rèn)真閱讀!
一.定義
1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一句中的名詞或代詞的從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。被修飾的詞稱(chēng)為先行詞。
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞
The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。
關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;2.代替先行詞;3.在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。
二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.who指人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)
The boys who are playing football are from ClassOne.
2. whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，�？墒÷浴�
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talkedabout on the bus.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替，可省略。
The man who/whom you met just now is myfriend.
3. which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
(1) Football is a game which isliked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come tovisit the city each year
rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallenin.
whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soonbe repaired.
(4)The classroom thedoor of which is broken will soon be repaired.
三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whom引導(dǎo)
(1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2)The school in which he once studied is very famous.
2.關(guān)系代詞前的介詞的選擇
Don’t bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. (beafraid of 害怕)
注意：1. 含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：lookfor, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watchwhich/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch forwhich I am looking. (F)
2. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none,both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are verykind to him.
(2) In the basket there arequite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
四.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
I still remember the day when I first came to theschool.
2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3. why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
注意：1.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
When=atinonduringwhich Where=atin o which Why=for which
(1) The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know whathe wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
2.當(dāng)先行詞為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因名詞時(shí)，如果在從句中不是作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。(1)The reason (that/which) he gave for being late is that his mother was ill.
(2)They make me thinkof the happy days (that/which) we spenttogether.
(3)Is this factory theone (that/which) they visited the day beforeyesterday.
五.限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was theonly person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a longhistory.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, isstrict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, isbecoming more and more powerful.
要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor alwaysencourages him to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor,always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)
難點(diǎn)分析
(一)定語(yǔ)從句中的幾個(gè)特殊的用法
一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的幾種情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything,nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some,no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lihas said?
(2) All that can be done has been done.
(3) There is little that I can do for you.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
The first place that they visited in Londonwas the Big Ben.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
This is the best film that I haveseen.
4. 當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only ,the same ,the last修飾時(shí)
This is the very dictionary that I want tobuy,
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)
Can you remember the scientist and his theorythat we have learned?
二)注意用which不用that的情況
1.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中
(1)She madegreat progress and won a prize, which gave us a surprise.
2.在介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，必須用which.
(1) This is the knife with which Johnhurt somebody.
3.當(dāng)關(guān)系詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)
(1) Here isthe ALD which, as I have told you, is a greathelp to you.
三)在下列情況下，只許用關(guān)系代詞who，而不用that:
1.先行詞為those, one, ones,anyone, people等時(shí)
Those who are from Qingdao come this way.
2.當(dāng)先行詞后有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，或定語(yǔ)從句被分隔時(shí)。
A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach youGerman.
3.當(dāng)先行詞是用-body或-one構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞多用who
Is there anybody else who should be invited.
4.當(dāng)先行詞是集體名詞時(shí)，如果著眼于集體，使用that/which;如果著眼于個(gè)體，則使用who
(1)Our team,which took the second place last year, played better this year.
(2)Our team, whoare all under the age of twenty, will do well in the final match.
(二)關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1.As和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句.另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思，后邊的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多是see, know, expect,say, mention, report等;which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后,意為“這一點(diǎn)”。
(1) As is known to all, China is a developingcountry.
(2) He is from the south, as we can seefrom his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than severaltimes, which I don’t believe.
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which
(5)Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as hetells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost lastweek.
注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同，用that時(shí)表示先行詞與關(guān)系詞所指的是同一物體，而用as則指的是相似但卻不是同一物。
(4)She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her youngsister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。
4.當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如果從句中是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，一般多使用which
(1) She has been lateagain, as was expected.
(2) Tom great progress in Chinese, which made usdelighted.
(三)以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which,that引導(dǎo)，而且通�？梢允÷浴�
(1)The way in which/ that/./ he answered thequestion was surprising
高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法
1. 分隔定語(yǔ)從句。
先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間有時(shí)也會(huì)插入別的成分，構(gòu)成先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句的隔離，這種從句叫分隔定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
This is the article written by him that I spoke to you about.
He was the only person in this country that was invited.
�、僖蚨ㄕZ(yǔ)從句過(guò)長(zhǎng)，為使句子保持平衡，常將定語(yǔ)從句和其所修飾的名詞或代詞分開(kāi)。
The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
�、谠诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中使用“插入語(yǔ)”以增加語(yǔ)言的靈活性。
The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk，right under my nose.
2. as 和 which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
�、� as 有“正如，就像”之意，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，從句可位于主句的前面、中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。
As we had expected，her performance was wonderful.
A panda， as we know，is a lovely animal.
Tom is the tallest in our class，as you know.
但 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般只能放在主句之后。例如：
The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected.
②在主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which 和 as 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可互換使用。
He was an Englishman，which / as I knew from his accent.
作主語(yǔ)時(shí)通常用 which ，而不用 as .但在“主語(yǔ) +be+done ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，as 作主語(yǔ)。例如：
He passed the examination，as was known.
③ as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常用在表示肯定意義的從句中，而不能用在表示否定意義的從句中； which 則不受此限制。例如：
Mummy treats me just as a baby，which （不用 as ） I can’t bear.
She married again，which （不用 as ）was unexpected.
④在賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，宜用 which ，而不用 as .例如：
He believed in God，which （不用 as ） I find strange.
He changed his mind，which （不用 as ） made me very angry.
�、荻ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞若為表示知覺(jué)的詞，如 see ，expect ，say ，know 等時(shí)，用 as 而不用 which .
As we expected / know， Xiao Ming took the first place in the game.
�、� as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與 it 作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句和以 what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。試比較：
As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
3. 定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的識(shí)別。
定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間要用“逗號(hào)”分隔，并且不能加入 and ， but ， so 等連接詞。并列句一般由 and ， but ， so 等詞連接，或中間用“分號(hào)”隔開(kāi)。例如：
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. （定語(yǔ)從句）
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，and most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. （并列句）
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows；most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. （并列句）
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，the price of which was reasonable. （定語(yǔ)從句）
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase；the price of it was reasonable. （并列句）
John’s parents kept telling him that he should work hard，but it didn’t help. （并列句）
4. that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
This is so interesting a book that all of us want to read it. （ so …… that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）
This is so interesting a book as all of us want to read. （ as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句）
通過(guò)以上兩個(gè)例句不難看出， so …… that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，而定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞前有 so ， such ， the same 修飾時(shí)，常用“ as ”來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
5. 定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
同位語(yǔ)從句是位于名詞 answer ， belief ， doubt ， decision ， explanation ， fact ， hope ， idea ， information ， news ， order ， problem ， promise ， truth 等后的句子，并對(duì)這些句詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或解釋?zhuān)粡木湟话闶且粋�(gè)完整的句子，引導(dǎo)詞 that 只起引導(dǎo)作用，不作句子成分，且 that 不可省略；同位語(yǔ)從句不可用 which 引導(dǎo)。而定語(yǔ)從句通常是一不完整的句子，缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)等。作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)， that 可省略。
The fact that she hasn’t known the result of the examination is clear. （同位語(yǔ)從句）
The fact （that / which） she told me yesterday is very important. （定語(yǔ)從句）
「鞏固性練習(xí)」
1. _________ is mentioned above， the number of the students in senior high school is increasing.
A. As B. It C. That D. What
2. Now Children like to go to the fast food restaurant， _________ as the name says， eating doesn’t take much time.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
3. Sometimes the earthquake is so violent that it can destroy the whole city， _________ happened in Tang Shan in 1976.
A. as B. that C. where D. like
4. Recently my father bought a Chinese painting， _________ was very reasonable.
A. the price of it B. which price
C. the price of which D. its price
5. We will be shown around the city： schools， museums， and some other places， _________ other visitors seldom go.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
6. We were next-door neighbors for three years， during ________ time we met only twice.
A. which B. this C. in which D. same
7. Living in the central Australia desert has its problems， _________ getting water is not the least.
A. as B. for what C. of which D. for what
8. We should do more such exercises in the future， I think， ________ those we did yesterday.
A. as B. which C. that D. it
9. Gone are the days _________ we spent together in the village.
A. that B. when C. in which D. on which
10. He failed his exam， _________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. as B. which C. that D. A and B
11. He must be from Africa， _________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. who D. what
「參考答案」
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A
7. C 8. A 9. A 10. D 11. B
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