考研英語(yǔ)重難點(diǎn)倒裝句
英語(yǔ)的基本語(yǔ)序是“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”,這種語(yǔ)序稱為陳述句語(yǔ)序或自然語(yǔ)序(normal word order),如果把謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分置于主語(yǔ)之前,就稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序(inverted word order),當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)全部置于主語(yǔ)之前,稱為全部倒裝(full inversion);當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)一部分(如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)置于主語(yǔ)之前,稱為部分倒裝(partial inversion)。
一、全部倒裝
(一)there be句型
有時(shí)一些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞也可用于該句型,如:stand,lie,exist,live, remain,appear,come,happen,occur,rise等。 例句:Generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (選自2007年Use of English) 分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中a belief與that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系,形容詞短語(yǔ)large enough to be...作定語(yǔ)修飾states。 譯文:他們普遍認(rèn)為新生的國(guó)家是擁有主權(quán)和完全獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,大到經(jīng)濟(jì)上可運(yùn)行良好,并由一套共同法律讓各個(gè)新的獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合起來(lái)。
(二)表示方向、地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)等詞置于句首
here, there, up, down, away, in, out, off等位于句首時(shí),往往主謂倒裝。 例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (選自2002年Text 1) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which I heard at a nursesconvention和which works well共同修飾story。 譯文: 舉個(gè)例子,在一次護(hù)士大會(huì)上,我聽(tīng)到了一個(gè)效果很理想的幽默故事,因?yàn)槁?tīng)眾都對(duì)醫(yī)生持有相同的看法。
(三)作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或分詞置于句首
例句: Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75. 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,aged 75修飾an old man,作后置定語(yǔ)。 譯文: 一位75歲高齡的老人躺在樹(shù)下,已經(jīng)不省人事。
二、部分倒裝
(一)否定詞或具有(半)否定意義的詞或詞組置于句首作狀語(yǔ)
如:never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom, little, no sooner...than, hardly...when,scarcely...when (before), not only, in no case (in no way, at no time, on no account, by no means,under no circumstances,in no respects)(決不,在任何情況下都不), no longer/no more (不再)。 例句: Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005年第46題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,and前是一復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句by which...修飾the means,后一分句中never置于句首引起倒裝。 譯文: 電視是制造和表達(dá)這些情緒的方式之一,在加強(qiáng)不同民族和國(guó)家之間的聯(lián)系方面,電視也許還從來(lái)沒(méi)有像在歐洲事務(wù)中那樣起過(guò)如此大的作用。
(二)only+副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句(句首狀語(yǔ)由only修飾)
例句: Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (選自2004年P(guān)art B) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that were very different from their own是修飾languages的定語(yǔ)從句。 譯文: 直到最近,語(yǔ)言學(xué)家才開(kāi)始認(rèn)真研究與他們自己所掌握的完全不同的語(yǔ)言。 例句: Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. (2009年第47題) 分析: 該句是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列簡(jiǎn)單句,兩個(gè)分句都是以only開(kāi)頭的倒裝句,在前一分句中,主干部分是the byproduct of the institution was noted, only gradually修飾noted;在后一分句中,主干是this effect was considered..., 其中only more gradually修飾considered, as a directive factor作主語(yǔ)this effect的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)in the conduct of the institution作directive factor的后置定語(yǔ)。 譯文: 人們只是逐漸地認(rèn)識(shí)到制度這一副產(chǎn)品,而在運(yùn)行這種制度的過(guò)程中,認(rèn)識(shí)到這種效果具有指導(dǎo)性作用的時(shí)間則更加緩慢。
(三)條件從句中省略if 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,條件從句if省略時(shí),倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的是助動(dòng)詞
should,had和系動(dòng)詞were。 例句: Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family run enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. (1999年第13題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,were the Times Co. to purchase是一省略if的倒裝句,that it could dramatically...enterprise是doubt的同位語(yǔ),而that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers是修飾enterprise的定語(yǔ)從句。 譯文: 如果時(shí)代公司要收購(gòu)另一家主流媒體公司的話,那仍舊靠報(bào)紙獲得90%收入的家族式企業(yè)的模式肯定會(huì)遭到它大刀闊斧的改革。 例句: Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998年第10題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,had it not been...是一個(gè)省略if的倒裝從句,整個(gè)句子表示混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣,主句表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè),從句表示與過(guò)去相反假設(shè)。 譯文: 要不是公眾及時(shí)投資,我們公司不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這么繁榮。
(四)其他部分倒裝情況
表示前面陳述的情況適合于后者,前面是肯定句,后面用so引導(dǎo);前面是否定句,后面用neither或nor引導(dǎo),省略倒裝句中的助動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式上與前面句子保持一致。 例句: Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. (選自2005年Text 4) 分析: 該句是由nor引導(dǎo)的并列句。whether in speech or in writing的完整形式是whether they are in speech or in writing,表示讓步;介詞短語(yǔ)with skill and gift在句中作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞command。 譯文: 美國(guó)人不再期望公眾人物在演講或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)可以嫻熟地運(yùn)用技巧和文采來(lái)掌握英語(yǔ),而人們本身也不這樣要求自己。
(五)so...that結(jié)構(gòu)
so...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,“so+狀語(yǔ)”位于句首表強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),使用倒裝。 例句: So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (2001年第6題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that leaders at summer computer camps...是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,so involved with...置于句首引起倒裝。 譯文: 孩子們對(duì)電腦如此著迷,以至于電腦夏令營(yíng)的組織者們不得不強(qiáng)迫他們停下來(lái)做一些體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲。
(六)not until置于句首
not until置于句首時(shí),連詞until引導(dǎo)的從句主謂不倒裝,但主句的`主謂結(jié)構(gòu)必須倒裝。 例句: Not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine. 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。由于not until置于句首,主句will you have to pay a fine是一倒裝句。 譯文: 只有及時(shí)還書(shū)給圖書(shū)館,你才不會(huì)受罰。
(七)as, though, no matter how, however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句型為:名詞(前不加a或an)/形容詞/副詞+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),該結(jié)構(gòu)可用though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)替換,譯為“雖然…但是”或“盡管…但是”。 例句:Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中從句much as I have traveled是一倒裝句,短語(yǔ)“equal sb. in sth.”意為“在某方面與他人旗鼓相當(dāng)” 譯文:雖然我常旅行,但我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)任何人于任何工作能像她那樣一絲不茍。 例句:Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryarticle physics, many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998年第75題) 分析:該句是復(fù)合句,odd though it sounds是一倒裝句,其中it指代cosmic inflation,介詞短語(yǔ)in elementaryarticle physics修飾ideas,that it is true在句中作convinced的賓語(yǔ),另一介詞短語(yǔ)for the better part of a decade作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間。 譯文:宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽(tīng)似奇特,但它還是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家十年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為這一論說(shuō)是正確的。
(八)be+主語(yǔ)+其他(若其他是單數(shù)名詞作賓語(yǔ),則名詞前不接不定冠詞a/an)
這是一開(kāi)放式條件狀語(yǔ)從句,屬于特殊倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示泛指。該結(jié)構(gòu)可用whether...or結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換,同時(shí)單數(shù)名詞前的不定冠詞保持不變,可譯為“不管/不論……”。 例句:Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
(2001年第10題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,be they...是一倒裝句,相當(dāng)于whether they are...。 譯文: 我們所使用的教堂一詞,指的是所有的宗教機(jī)構(gòu),不管它們是基督教、伊斯蘭教、佛教或猶太教等。
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