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全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程第二冊(cè)第2單元課文講解
導(dǎo)語：每個(gè)人的價(jià)值觀念有所不同，但是物體的價(jià)值卻是相似的，下面是一篇關(guān)于價(jià)值的英語課文，歡迎大家來學(xué)習(xí)。
Values
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions:
1. Who is it about?
2. What happened to him one day?
3. Do you think it was worthwhile to walk two or three miles to pay back the six and a quarter cents?
4. Is the story related to the theme of the unit — values?
The following words in the recording may be new to you:
dismay
n. 沮喪，失望
disturb
vt. 使不安
conscientious
a. 認(rèn)真的，盡職的
Part II
Text
Does being rich mean you live a completely different life from ordinary people? Not, it seems, if your name is Sam Walton.
THE RICHEST MAN IN AMERICA, DOWN HOME
Art Harris
He put on a dinner jacket to serve as a waiter at the birthday party of The Richest Man in America. He imagined what surely awaited: a mansion, a "Rolls-Royce for every day of the week," dogs with diamond collars, servants everywhere.
Then he was off to the house, wheeling past the sleepy town square in Bentonville, a remote Arkansas town of 9,920, where Sam Walton started with a little dime store that grew into a $6 billion discount chain called Wal-Mart. He drove down a country road, turned at a mailbox marked "Sam and Helen Walton," and jumped out at a house in the woods.
It was nice, but no palace. The furniture appeared a little worn. An old pickup truck sat in the garage and a muddy bird dog ran about the yard. He never spotted any servants.
"It was a real disappointment," sighs waiter Jamie Beaulieu.
Only in America can a billionaire carry on like plain folks and get away with it. And the 67-year-old discount king Sam Moore Walton still travels these windy back roads in his 1979 Ford pickup, red and white, bird dogs by his side, and, come shooting season, waits in line like everyone else to buy shells at the local Wal-Mart.
"He doesnt want any special treatment," says night manager Johnny Baker, who struggles to call the boss by his first name as a recent corporate memo commands. Few here think of his billions; they call him "Mr. Sam" and accept his folksy ways. "Hes the same man who opened his dime store on the square and worked 18 hours a day for his dream," says Mayor Richard Hoback.
By all accounts, hes friendly, cheerful, a fine neighbor who does his best to blend in, never flashy, never throwing his weight around.
No matter how big a time he had on Saturday night, you can find him in church on Sunday. Surely in a reserved seat, right? "We dont have reserved seats," says Gordon Garlington III, pastor of the local church.
So where does The Richest Man in America sit? Wherever he finds a seat. "Look, hes just not that way. He doesnt have a set place. At a church supper the other night, he and his wife were in back washing dishes."
For 19 years, hes used the same barber. John Mayhall finds him waiting when he opens up at 7 a.m. He chats about the national news, or reads in his chair, perhaps the Benton County Daily Democrat, another Walton property that keeps him off the front page. It buried the Forbes list at the bottom of page 2.
"Hes just not a front-page person," a newspaper employee explains.
But one recent morning, The Richest Man in America did something that would have made headlines any where in the world: He forgot his money. "I said, Forget it, take care of it next time," says barber Mayhall. "But he said, No, Ill get it, and he went home for his wallet."
Wasnt that, well, a little strange? "No sir," says Mayhall, "the only thing strange about Sam Walton is that he isnt strange."
But just how long Walton can hold firm to his folksy habits with celebrity hunters keeping following him wherever he goes is anyones guess. Ever since Forbes magazine pronounced him Americas richest man, with $2.8 billion in Wal-Mart stock, hes been a rich man on the run, steering clear of reporters, dreamers, and schemers.
"He may be the richest by Forbes rankings," says corporate affairs director Jim Von Gremp, "but he doesnt know whether he is or not — and he doesnt care. He doesnt spend much. He owns stock, but hes always left it in the company so it could grow. But the real story in his mind is the success achieved by the 100,000 people who make up the Wal-Mart team."
Hes usually back home for Friday sales meetings, or the executive pep rally Saturday morning at 7 a.m., when Walton, as he does at new store openings, is liable to jump up on a chair and lead everyone in the Wal-Mart cheer: "Give me a W! Give me an A! Give me an L! Louder!"
And louder they yell. No one admits to feeling the least bit silly. Its all part of the Wal-Mart way of life as laid down by Sam: loyalty, hard work, long hours; get ideas into the system from the bottom up, Japanese-style; treat your people right; cut prices and margins to the bone and sleep well at night. Employees with one year on board qualify for stock options, and are urged to buy all they can.
After the pep rally, theres bird hunting, or tennis on his backyard court. But his stores are always on his mind. One tennis guest managed to put him off his game by asking why a can of balls cost more in one Wal-Mart than another. It turned out to be untrue, but the move worked. Walton lost four straight games.
Walton set up a college scholarship fund for employees children, a disaster relief fund to rebuild employee homes damaged by fires, floods, tornadoes, and the like. He believed in cultivating ideas and rewarding success.
"Hed say, That fellow worked hard, lets give him a little extra," recalls retired president Ferold F. Arend, who was stunned at such generosity after the stingy employer he left to join Wal-Mart. "I had to change my way of thinking when I came aboard."
"The reason for our success," says Walton, in a company handout, "is our people and the way theyre treated and the way they feel about their company. They believe things are different here, but they deserve the credit."
Adds company lawyer Jim Hendren: "Ive never seen anyone yet who worked for him or was around him for any length of time who wasnt better off. And I dont mean just financially, although a lot of people are. Its just something about him — coming into contact with Sam Walton just makes you a better person."
New Words and Expressions
mansion▲
n. a large house, usu. belonging to a rich person (豪華的)宅邸，大廈
remote
a. far away in space or time 遙遠(yuǎn)的
dime
n. (美國、加拿大的)10分硬幣
billion
num.(美、法)十億;(英、德)萬億
discount
n. amount of money which may be taken off the full price 折扣
pickup
n. a light van having an open body with low sides 小卡車，輕型貨車
muddy▲
a. covered in mud 沾滿泥的;泥濘的
sigh
vi. 嘆氣，嘆息
billionaire
n. 億萬富翁;大富翁
carry on
behave in a wild or improper way; conduct; continue 舉止隨便;進(jìn)行;繼續(xù)做
folk
n. (usu.pl) people in general 人們;人民
get away with
do (sth.) without being caught or punished 做(某事)而未被發(fā)覺或未受懲罰
shell
n. (AmE) 槍彈;炮彈;殼
local
a. of a particular place 地方的，當(dāng)?shù)氐?/p>
treatment
n. 對(duì)待;待遇
corporate▲
a. 公司的
memo▲
n. a note of sth. to be remembered 備忘錄
folksy
a. simple and friendly 友好的，坦率的
mayor
n. 市長(zhǎng)
by/from all accounts
according to what everyone says 人人都說
cheerful
a. (of a person) happy in a lively way; (of sth.) making one feel happy 愉快的;令人愉快的
blend
v. mix together thoroughly (將…)混合
blend in
mix harmoniously 融洽，十分協(xié)調(diào)
flashy
a. attracting attention by being too smart and decorated 浮華的，華而不實(shí)的
throw ones weight around
(infml) 盛氣凌人
reserve
vt. keep for a special use; book (a seat, room, table, etc.) 將…留作專用;預(yù)定
pastor
n. 牧師
barber
n. 理發(fā)師
open up
(infml) 開門;打開
democrat
n. 民主黨人;民主主義者
employee
n. 雇員，受雇者
headline
n. (報(bào)紙上的)標(biāo)題
wallet▲
n. 皮夾子
hold to
keep to 遵守，不改變
celebrity
n. famous person 名人
stock
n. 資本;股票，證券
on the run
in flight; continuously active 奔逃，逃避;忙個(gè)不停
steer
v. 駕駛
steer clear of
keep away from 避開，避免
reporter
n. 記者
schemer
n. 陰謀家
scheme
n. 陰謀;計(jì)劃
ranking
n. 地位;等級(jí)
rank
v. (將…)列為(某等級(jí))
make up
form, constitute 構(gòu)成，組成
executive
n., a. 經(jīng)營管理方面的(人員);行政方面的(人員)
pep
n. (infml) keen activity and energy 勁頭，活力
rally
n., v. 集會(huì)
pep rally
a gathering intended to encourage the listeners 鼓舞士氣的會(huì)議
opening
n. the act of becoming or making open, esp. officially (正式的)開張，開幕
liable
a. likely (to do sht.) 有可能做…的
yell▲
v. shout loudly 喊叫
lay down
establish 制定;設(shè)立
loyalty
n. being true and faithful (to) 忠誠
system
n. 系統(tǒng)
qualify
v. (使)具有資格
option
n. 期權(quán)，購買(或出售)權(quán);選擇自由
stock option
優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán)
court
n. 球場(chǎng)
scholarship
n. 獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金
tornado
n. 龍卷風(fēng)
cultivate
vt. improve by care, training or study; develop 培養(yǎng)，陶冶
reward
v. give (sth.) to sb. in return for work or services 獎(jiǎng)賞
retired
a. (of a person) having stopped working, usu. because of age 退休了的
retire
v. (使)退休
stun▲
vt. make (sb.) very surprised 使驚嚇
generosity
n. the quality of being willing to give money, help, etc. 慷慨，大方
stingy
a. unwilling to spend money 吝嗇的
employer
n. 雇傭者，雇主
aboard
adv., prep. on or into (a ship, train, aircraft, bus, etc.) 在(船、車、飛機(jī)等)上
come aboard
(fig) become a new member of an organization 入伙，加盟
handout
n. information given out in the form of a printed sheet, leaflet 印刷品，宣傳品
deserve
vt. be worthy of 應(yīng)受，值得
Proper Names
Art Harris
阿特·哈里斯
Rolls-Royce
羅爾斯-羅伊斯汽車
Bentonville
本頓維爾(美國地名)
Arkansas
(美國)阿肯色州
Sam Moore Walton
薩姆·穆爾·沃爾頓
Wal-Mart
沃爾瑪公司
Jamie Beaulieu
杰米·鮑尤
Ford
福特汽車
Johnny Baker
喬尼·貝克
Richard Hoback
理查德·霍巴克
Gordon Garlington III
戈登·加林頓第三
Mayhall
梅霍
Benton County
本頓縣(美國地名)
Forbes
福布斯(雜志名)
Jim Von Gremp
吉姆·馮·格雷姆普
Ferold F·Arend
費(fèi)羅爾德·F·阿倫德
Jim Hendren
吉姆·亨德倫
Language Sense Enhancement
1. Read aloud paragraphs 19-22 and learn them by heart.
2. Read aloud the following poem:
Im nobody! Who are you?
Emily Dickinson
Im nobody! Who are you?
Are you nobody, too?
Then theres a pair of us — dont tell!
Theyd advertise — you Know!
How dreary to be somebody!
How public like a frog
To tell ones name the livelong day
To an admiring bog!
3. Read the following quotations. Learn them by heart if you can. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.
One should eat to live, not live to eat.
—— Benjamin Franklin
That man is the richest whose pleasures are the cheapest.
—— Henry David Thoreau
If money is your hope for independence you will never have it. The only real security that a man will have in this world is a reserve of knowledge, experience, and ability.
—— Henry Ford
To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive, and the true success is to labor.
—— Robert Louis Stevenson
4. Read the following humorous story for fun. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.
The elderly gamekeeper of a Scottish estate suffered from fading eyesight, and the lord of the manor offered to send him to London to see an eye specialist. Before he left, however, he was given strict instructions to spend his money thriftily and to live as he would at home.
When the keeper returned a week later, he presented the lord with a bill for more than ￡1000. Shocked, the lord asked what he had been living on in London.
"Oh, the usual, sir," came the reply. "Pheasant, salmon, grouse and venison."
大學(xué)英語六級(jí)語法�？贾R(shí)講解
一、英語中構(gòu)成疑問句(除對(duì)主語或主語之定語提問的特殊疑問句外)，通常須使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，這是語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。例如：
1.When are we going to drink to your happiness?
我們什么時(shí)候喝你們的喜酒?
2.Have you seen the film?
你看了那部電影嗎?
3.Have you anything like that?
在美國英語中常見：Do you have anything like that?
你有那樣的東西嗎?
二、以副詞here，there，off，out，away等開頭的句子，主要是表示感嘆語氣的句子，當(dāng)其主語為名詞時(shí)，通常要使用倒裝。例如：
4. Here comes our teacher! 你們的老師來了!
5.Away went the boy to the school! 那男孩子到學(xué)校里去了!
6.Off goes the woman! 那個(gè)女人走了!
三、當(dāng)構(gòu)成關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞so...that的so位于句首時(shí)，往往要使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
7.So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street.
同學(xué)們大聲讀書，人們?cè)诮稚隙悸牭靡?他們的讀書聲)。
8.So small were the words that he could hardly see them.
字那么小，他幾乎看不見。
四、以引導(dǎo)詞there開頭的句子，須使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
(A) 表示“……有……”之概念的“There+ be +主語” 結(jié)構(gòu)：
9. There are three books on the desk. 桌上有三本書。
10.There were something in the box. 箱子里有東西。
(B) 用于正式文體，特別是文學(xué)作品中的 "there+不及物動(dòng)詞十主語" 結(jié)構(gòu)，當(dāng)主語不明確而又是一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的名詞短語時(shí)，往往使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)：
11.There entered a strange little man.
走進(jìn)來一個(gè)奇怪而身材又矮小的人。
12. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
從前，海邊的一個(gè)村子里住著一位老漁夫。
在敘述性和描繪性的書面語中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)若帶有地點(diǎn)狀語，而且把這種狀語放在句首時(shí)，可以用省略there的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
13.In the cottage lives a family of six.
在這幢小茅舍里住著一家六口。
五、當(dāng)平時(shí)一般不放在句首的狀語，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)起見而放在句首時(shí)，使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
14. Near the bridge was an old cottage.
在橋的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。
15.Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.
見到一只猛虎的那一天，我記得很清楚。
六、當(dāng)直接引語的一部分或者全部位于句首時(shí)，引述分句的主語又是名詞或名詞短語，該引述分句常用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
16. "What shall we do?" said the teacher."
“我們?cè)趺茨?”老師說。
17、 "Great!" said my father." "I‘ll go there."
"好極了!" 我父親說�！拔覍⒌侥抢锶ァ！�
七、某些讓步狀語從句往往把表語提到主語前面或放在句首，以構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
18. No matter how interesting the book is，he doesn‘t like to read it.
(語序是：No matter how+表語十主語十系動(dòng)詞be)
不管這本書多有趣，他都不想看。
19.However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.
(語序是： However+表語+主語+系動(dòng)詞be)不管一個(gè)固體有多硬，我們都可以改變其形狀。
20.Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets.
(語序是：表語十a(chǎn)s+代詞作主語十系動(dòng)詞be)盡管他年紀(jì)小，他卻知道家里的一些秘密。
21.Difficult as the work was (或：Difficult as was the work)，it was finished in time.
(語序是：表語十a(chǎn)s十名詞作主語十系動(dòng)詞be，或：表語+as+系動(dòng)詞be+名詞作主語)工作雖然困難，還是及時(shí)完成了。
注1) 用as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，表語應(yīng)放在as之前(例20和例21);如果主語是代詞，主語就要放在系動(dòng)詞be之前。例20;如果主語是名詞，則主語可以放在系動(dòng)詞be之前或后，如例21。
(2) 用as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，如果謂語是“助動(dòng)詞+主要?jiǎng)釉~原形”，則應(yīng)把主要?jiǎng)釉~原形放在as之前，其語序?yàn)椋褐饕獎(jiǎng)釉~原形+as+主語十助動(dòng)詞。例如：
22. Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.
盡管我用盡力氣，我還是舉不起這塊石頭。
八、有些表示“感嘆、祝愿”等語氣的句子，也可使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
23.Isn‘t it cold!
天氣真冷!
24.Was I surprised!
我真感到驚奇!
25.May "both be happy!"
祝你們兩位幸福!
總之，使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的情況比較復(fù)雜，不可能在有限的篇幅內(nèi)作出詳盡的介紹與論述。究竟何時(shí)使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，歸結(jié)起來不外兩點(diǎn)：一是語法結(jié)構(gòu)需要時(shí)用;二是表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)用。
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