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英語語法：直接引語變間接引語
在英語六級(jí)的學(xué)習(xí)過程中有哪些直接引語變間接引語的方法呢?下面就讓小編為大家詳解一下吧。
英語語法：直接引語變間接引語 1
一、概述
引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說的話時(shí)有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話，這叫做直接引語(direct speech)。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫間接引語(indirect speech)。一般地講，直接引語前后要加引號(hào)，間接引語不用引號(hào)，而用賓語從句來表達(dá)。
Mr. Black said, “Im busy.”布菜克先生說：“我很忙”。(直接引語)
Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生說他很忙。(賓語從句是間接引語)
從上例看來，直接引語改為間接引語時(shí),除將直接引語改為賓語從句之外，還須對(duì)直接引語中的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化，如上例直接引語中的I改成了he, am則改成了was。現(xiàn)將由直接引語改為間接引語時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題,分述如下：
二、直接引語是陳述句時(shí)
直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用連詞that引導(dǎo)(that在口語中常省去)，that從句之前用say、tell等動(dòng)詞，從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。
1、人稱的變化
直接引語改為間接引語人稱要相應(yīng)的變化，把直接引語中的第一人稱(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱。把直接引語中的第二人稱(you，your，yours)變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語(即聽話人，如無聽話人，可根據(jù)上下文的體會(huì)人為確定一個(gè)人稱)相一致的人稱。直接引語中的第三人稱(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱不變。
He said , “I like it very much.”他說：“我非常喜歡它”。
→He said that he liked it very much. 他說他非常喜歡它。(I改為he, it不變)
He said, “You told me this story.”他說：“你給我講過這個(gè)故事�！�
→He said that I had told him that story.他說我給他講過那個(gè)故事。(You改為I, me改為him, told改為had told)
He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room”.他對(duì)我說：“她把書放在你的房間里去了�！�
He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他對(duì)我說她把書放在我的房間里去了。(She’s→she had， her不變，your→my)
2、時(shí)態(tài)的變化
(1)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)
直接引語 間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)
一般過去時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)
過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)(不變)
一般將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)
一般將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
一般將來完成時(shí) 過去將來完成時(shí)
如主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語改為間接引語時(shí),動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)變化表：
He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”他說：“我常在星期天看電視”。
→He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他說他常在星期天看電視。
He said, “Im using the knife.”他說：“我正在用小刀。”
→He said that he was using the knife.他說他正在用小刀。
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她說：“自從五月份來我就沒有收到他的來信�！�
→She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她說自從五月份以來她就沒收到他的來信。
He said，“I came to help you.”他說：“我來幫助你。”
→He said that he had come to help me.他說他來幫助我。
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他說：“晚飯前我己做完了作業(yè)�！�
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他說晚飯前他己做完了作業(yè)。
Zhou Lan said, “Ill do it after class.”周蘭說：“下課后我就去做�！�
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周蘭說下課后她就去做。
He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他說：“那時(shí)我將正在做作業(yè)�！�
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.他說那時(shí)他將正在做作業(yè)。
He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”他說：“我們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作�！�
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他說他們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作。
注意：直接引語如果是客觀真理、名人名言、與一個(gè)具體的過去時(shí)間連用說明客觀事實(shí)時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。
The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老師說：“地球是圓的。”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.老師說地球是圓的。
He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.”他說: “我1965年生于山東�！�
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他說他1965年生于山東。
He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他說：“哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲�！�
→He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他說哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。
(2)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)
如果主句的`謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一律不變
He says, “I finished the work.”他說：“我做完工作了�！�
He says that he finished the work. 他說他做完工作了。
He will say, “I have watered the flowers.”他會(huì)說：“我己經(jīng)澆花了�！�
He will say he has watered the flowers. 他會(huì)說他己經(jīng)澆花了。
3、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語的相應(yīng)變化
直接引語 間接引語
指示代詞 this/thesethat/those
時(shí)間狀語now then
today that day
tonight that night
this week (month…) that week (month…)
yesterdaythe day before
last week (month…) the week (month…)before
two weeks (month)ago two weeks (months)before
tomorrow the next day
next week (month…) the next week (month…)
地點(diǎn)狀語 herethere
動(dòng) 詞 come---go Bring---take
He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他說“我今天早晨見到史密斯了�！�
He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他說他那天早晨見到史密斯了。
He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.”他說：“我們昨天去電影院了�！�
→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他說前一天他們?nèi)ル娪霸毫恕?/p>
Lily said, “I will come back next month.”莉莉說：“我下個(gè)月回來。”
→Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉說她下一個(gè)月就回去。
He said, “It is nine oclock now.”他說：“現(xiàn)在九點(diǎn)了。”
→He said that it was nine oclock then.他說那時(shí)九點(diǎn)了。
He said, “I havent seen her today.”他說：“今天我沒見到她。”
→He said that he hadnt seen her that day .他說那天他沒有見到她。
She said, “I went there yesterday.”她說：“昨天我去了那兒�！�
→She said that she had gone there the day before.她說前一天她去了那兒。
She said, “Ill go there tomorrow.”她說：“明天我將去那兒�！�
→She said that she would go there the next day.她說第二天她將去那兒。
He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他說：“三天前我妹妹在這兒�！�
→He said that his sister had been there three days before.他說三天前他妹妹在那兒。(here→there; ago→before)
She said, “I will come here this evening.”她說：“今晚我將來這兒。”
→She said that she would go there that evening.她說那晚她將去那兒。(come→go;here→there;this→that)
以上這些變化,要根據(jù)說話的具體時(shí)間和具體地點(diǎn)的情況而定，不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here就不必改為there, come也不必改為go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語也不必改變。直接引語中的一般過去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過去時(shí)間狀語連用，間接引語的一般過去時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。
Father said,“I am free this afternoon ”父親說：“我今天下午有空�！�
→Father said that he was free this afternoon. 父親說他今天下午有空。
He said, “I am going there tomorrow.”他說“我明天去那里。”
He said that he was going there tomorrow. 他說他明天去那里。
巧記:去掉引號(hào)加that，人稱變化要靈活，時(shí)態(tài)向后退一步，狀語變化按規(guī)定。
三、直接引語是疑問句時(shí)
直接引語如為疑問句，改為間接引語時(shí)，須將疑問句的語序改為陳述句的語序。其人稱、時(shí)態(tài)等相應(yīng)的變化同上。
巧記：if(或whether)替引號(hào)，陳述語序要記牢。時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和狀語要變化，千萬別把它忘掉。
1、直接引語是一般問句
變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，須用連接詞whether或if將其引出，使其成為間接引語的賓語從句。如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為said，則將其改為asked。如果謂語動(dòng)詞后沒有間接賓語，可以加上一個(gè)間接賓語me, him, her, them, us等。
She said, “Is your father an engineer?”她說：“你父親是工程師嗎?”
→She asked me whether my father was an engineer.她問我說我父親是否是工程師。
The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework?”老師對(duì)李明說：“你做完作業(yè)了嗎?”
→The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老師問李明是否已做完作業(yè)了。
2、直接引語是特殊問句
如果直接引語為特殊疑問句, 改為間接引語時(shí)，仍用特殊疑問句中的疑問詞what, where, when, who, how many作為連接詞將其引出，構(gòu)成間接引語中的賓語從句，但須將疑問式的動(dòng)詞改為陳述式。如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為said，則將其改為asked。
巧記：直接去引號(hào)，陳述語序莫忘掉。助動(dòng)do(does)、did，要去掉。
“What do you do every Sunday morning?”my friend said to me.我的朋友問我說，每星期天上午你做什么?
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. 我的朋友問我每星期天上午我做什么。
“Where have you been, Li Ming?”the teacher asked. 老師問道：“你上哪里去了，李明?”
→The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been. 老師問李明曾去過哪兒。
I asked her, “How many English books will you read next term?”我問她說：“下學(xué)期你將讀多少本英語書? ”
→I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.我問她下學(xué)期將讀多少本英文書。
“When did you get up this morning?”asked my father.我父親問道：“今天早晨你什么時(shí)候起床的?”
→My father asked me when I had got up that morning. 我父親問我那天早晨我是什么時(shí)候起床的。
注意：直接引語里是：Whats wrong with……?/Whats the matter? /Whats the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑問句時(shí),間接引語的語序不變。
He said to her“What’s the matter with you?”他問她“你怎么了?”
He asked her what was the matter with her. 他問她怎么了。
四、直接引語是祈使句
巧記：去掉引號(hào)要加to;ask，order須記住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
轉(zhuǎn)述祈使句時(shí)，要使祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等動(dòng)詞，如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一詞,改為間接引語時(shí)，就將please去掉。成為：told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (not)to do something結(jié)構(gòu)。
He said,“Sit down, please.”他說：“請(qǐng)坐�！�
→He asked me to sit down. 他讓我坐下。
The teacher said, “Don’t talk in class! ”老師說：“上課不要講話! ”
→The teacher told us not to talk in class!老師要我們上課不要講話。
The captain said to his men,“Fire! ”上尉對(duì)他的士兵們說“開火!”
→The captain ordered his men to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵們開火!
The policeman said to the children,“Dont play football in the middle of the street.”警察對(duì)孩子們說：“別在馬路中間踢足球�！�
→The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子們不要在馬路中間踢足球。
I.改錯(cuò)：
1.He said that he is going to London.
2.Tom said they had finished the job yesterday.
3.She asked me don’t smoke in the room.
4.They asked that he was there.
5.I asked you where was he going.
6.The teacher told us not talk any more.
7.The doctor said to his wife, Not wait for me.
8.He asked me who I am.
9.Mary said that she would see you tomorrow.
10.Mother asked what the matter was.
II.將下列句子改為間接引語
1. “Where will you go tomorrow?”, Mother asked me.
2.The old woman said to me, “Please lock the door for me.”
3.The boy told his teacher, “We went to an exhibition yesterday.”
4.He said, “Ill go to the station to see off a friend of mine this afternoon.”
5. “Hello,how are you?”, he said to me.
6.Tom said to me angrily, “Why don’t you tell me you have been here for two weeks?”
7.John said to Mary,“Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace from you?”
8.The teacher said to Li Ming,“Don’t make the same mistake again.”
9. “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”, I asked her.
10.The nurse said to the children, “The sun rises in the east.”
英語語法：直接引語變間接引語 2
1.陳述句變間接引語時(shí)，用that連接。
2.從句中的人稱、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和狀語等也要作相應(yīng)的變化。
3.代詞等一般地應(yīng)作用相應(yīng)的變化。
4.間接引語中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
5.特殊疑問句變間接引語要用特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)。
6.特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛稍瓉淼囊蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
7.需將原祈使句中謂語動(dòng)詞變成不定式。如果祈使句為否定句，則用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。
8.疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。
9.原句若為一般疑問句時(shí)，用whether或if轉(zhuǎn)述;原句若為選擇疑問句時(shí)，用whether…or…/…ornot;原句若為反意疑問句，則常用whether或if轉(zhuǎn)述。
10.直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱代詞要根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述人的立場作相應(yīng)變動(dòng)。
11.直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和表示“方向”動(dòng)詞的變化。
12.直接引語表述的'是客觀真理或諺語格言，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。
13.直接引語為客觀真理時(shí)，間接引語時(shí)態(tài)不變，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
14.直接引語為一般過去時(shí)并且與具體時(shí)間狀語連用時(shí)，間接引語仍用一般過去時(shí)。
15.主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，間接引語時(shí)態(tài)不變。
16.主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為said時(shí)，要改為asked;沒有間接賓語時(shí)，可以加一個(gè)間接賓語(如me，him等)。
17.主語謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。
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