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英語(yǔ)六級(jí)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí):定語(yǔ)從句

時(shí)間:2024-10-23 17:02:45 尚民 英語(yǔ)六級(jí) 我要投稿
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英語(yǔ)六級(jí)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí):定語(yǔ)從句

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英語(yǔ)六級(jí)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí):定語(yǔ)從句

  英語(yǔ)六級(jí)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí):定語(yǔ)從句1

  一、概念

  定語(yǔ)從句的概念,在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。

  例如:

  1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.

  2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.

  上面兩句中的the man和the house是定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞,叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。

  二、關(guān)系詞(連接詞)

  1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

  引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞:that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose) 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間,起連接作用,同時(shí)還做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。

  2.關(guān)于that, which的用法注意點(diǎn)

  1)只能用that,不用which作為定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的情況

  a)不定代詞,如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞

  There is nothing that I can do.

  I mean the one that was bought yesterday.

  b)先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last修飾

  This is the very book that I want to find.

  The last place that I visited was the hospital.

  c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)

  This is the first composition that he has written in English.

  d)先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)

  He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

  2)不用that, 只用which的情況

  a)引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)which

  The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

  b)介詞后用which

  We depend on the land from which we get our food.

  3.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

  關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

  1)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)(country, school, room…),而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),一般用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是which前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。

  Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.

  He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.

  2)先行詞是表示時(shí)間名詞時(shí)(year, month, day, night…),而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)

  從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),一般用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞+which的`結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是when前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。

  His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.

  I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.

  3)先行詞是the reason,而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ),一般用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用for + which的結(jié)構(gòu)。

  Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?

  但是這里要指出的是,如果介詞和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三種意思,則我們只能保留介詞+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.

  4.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

  用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。

  英語(yǔ)六級(jí)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí):定語(yǔ)從句2

  一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念

  在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。

  二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞

  引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。

  三、定語(yǔ)從句的分類

  根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

  四、關(guān)系代詞的用法

  1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:

  Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ))

  The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ))

  2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:

  The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ))

  The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ))

  3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:

  The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ))

  Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))

  注意:(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

  This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉腵房子。

  Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。

 。2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如:

  This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。

 。3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:

  The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。

 。4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:

  a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

  He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。

  b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

  Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?

  c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

  This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。

  d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:

  I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。

  e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:

  Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?

  f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which.例如:

  There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。

  (5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:

  a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:

  What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?

  b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如:

  This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。

  c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:

  Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。

  五、關(guān)系副詞的用法

 。1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:

  This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。

  (2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如:

  This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。

 。3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。例如:

  Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。

  延伸閱讀:定語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)

 。ㄒ唬┊(dāng)先行詞有最高級(jí),序數(shù)詞修飾,是不定代詞,或是all, no, only等形式時(shí),關(guān)系代詞一般用that,而不能用which。

  1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.

  2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.

 。ǘ┊(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因的詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞用when, where, why 還有which, that

  1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.

  2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.

  3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.

  4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.

 。ㄈ┒ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá):

  1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.

  2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.

  3. The question that is being discussed is very important.

  4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.

  說(shuō)明:以上的定語(yǔ)從句部分可以用更加簡(jiǎn)單的非謂語(yǔ)形式表達(dá)出來(lái):

  1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.

  2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.

  3. The question being discussed is very important.

  4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.

  說(shuō)明:修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外,還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式:doing短語(yǔ),done短語(yǔ),being done短語(yǔ),to be done短語(yǔ)修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下:

  1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語(yǔ): 正在做….的人/正在發(fā)生的事。

  2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語(yǔ): 被…..的人/事

  3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語(yǔ):正在被…..的人/事

  4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語(yǔ):將要被…..的人/事

 。1)Do you know the man talking to my sister ?

 。2)The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.

  (3)Did you see that car being repaired ?

 。4)In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.

 。5)The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.

 。6)Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.

 。7)The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.

  總結(jié):以上做定語(yǔ)的那些短語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中所說(shuō)的分詞,不定式的各種形式作定語(yǔ)。

  1. 這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個(gè)V-ing或V-ed形式作定語(yǔ),則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。

  2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其動(dòng)作應(yīng)與全句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動(dòng)意義和正在做,V-ed表示被動(dòng)意義。being done表示正在被做的

  3. 不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的,to be done表示將要被做的

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