英語四級(jí)考試長篇閱讀題攻略
引導(dǎo)語：英語四級(jí)考試長篇閱讀題攻略，由應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)整理而成，謝謝您的閱讀。
一、題型概覽
1.背景和考試綜合
快速閱讀有兩個(gè)變化：一是位置發(fā)生了變化，由原來的Part II調(diào)至Part III里的Section B, 即由原來的單獨(dú)部分，變成了與其他的閱讀理解放在一起;另一個(gè)變化就是題目形式的變化，由原來的多項(xiàng)選擇題變成了段落信息匹配題。這一變化更挑戰(zhàn)考生對(duì)于文章的理解程度和信息定位的能力，應(yīng)該說是加大了難度。
四級(jí)考試中快速閱讀調(diào)整為長篇閱讀順應(yīng)了時(shí)代發(fā)展的要求。該題型主要考查段落信息匹配。在篩選信息的過程中，要求考生在把握文章整體的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)文章的一些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行整理、歸納以及同義轉(zhuǎn)換。這意味著考生不僅要讀懂文章，還要對(duì)所掌握的信息進(jìn)行加工處理。
2.文章特點(diǎn)
通過試卷可知，長篇閱讀的文章長度、難度、體裁、題材、題目數(shù)量、考試時(shí)間、所占分值等都不變。
3.試題特點(diǎn)
(1)題干中的細(xì)節(jié)信息往往反映文章的主旨和段落主題。通過快速地閱讀題干中的若干細(xì)節(jié)信息，考生可以迅速了解原文的主旨大意。
(2)題干提供的細(xì)節(jié)信息中往往暗含一些說明文或議論文所必需的邏輯關(guān)系，考生可以利用這種關(guān)系預(yù)先對(duì)一些表達(dá)進(jìn)行排序，這對(duì)于解答信息匹配題有著非常重要的意義。
(3)提干提供的信息表達(dá)中通常包括如下三類：能夠指示開頭段的詞，如overview, introduction, initiation, main idea, definition 等;能夠指示結(jié)尾段的詞，如future, solution, conclusion, suggestion, summary 等;能夠幫助考生回原文定位的特殊詞，如rate, ration, proportion, percentage, number, figure, statistical demographics 等。
(4)有些試題題干中的細(xì)節(jié)信息往往會(huì)和原文的其他某一題目聯(lián)系密切，考生可通過先解答原文的`其他題目來獲得解答題目的線索和提示性信息。
二、樣題分析
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains in information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
文章大意：本文主要講述大學(xué)在增強(qiáng)國家實(shí)力和促進(jìn)國際化交流等方面的巨大作用。A段總括全文，指出當(dāng)代大學(xué)對(duì)國家強(qiáng)盛和世界和平起著至關(guān)重要的作用。B-E段講述各個(gè)大學(xué)自覺走上全球化道路。F-I段講研究型大學(xué)促成了美國的騰飛，但仍有諸多因素制約這種大學(xué)的發(fā)展。
46. American universities prepare their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship.
解析：定位到D段第3、4句：And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships(實(shí)習(xí)) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.
47. Since the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent.
解析：定位到C段第2句：Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.
48. The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competitiveness.
解析：定位到I段第1句：Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation;
49. The way research is carried out in universities has changed as a result of globalization.
解析：定位到E段：Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done.
50. Of the newly hired professors in science and engineering in the United States, twenty percent come from foreign countries.
解析：定位到C段末句：In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.
51. The number of foreign students applying to U.S. universities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process.
解析：定位到H段第3句：In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K.
52. The U.S. federal funding for research has been unsteady for years.
解析：定位到G段第2句：Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady.
53. Around the world, governments encourage the model of linking university-based science and industrial application.
解析：定位到F段第2、3句：The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: …. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.
54. Present-day universities have become a powerful force for global integration.
解析：定位到A段第末句：But at same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.
55. When foreign students leave America, they will bring American values back to their home countries.
解析：定位到I段第3句：…and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished values when they return home.
根據(jù)四級(jí)樣卷可知，全文共計(jì)9個(gè)段落，對(duì)應(yīng)10題，這意味著必有一段對(duì)應(yīng)兩題。事實(shí)上，從答案來看，其中有兩個(gè)段落分別對(duì)應(yīng)了兩道題，有一個(gè)段落不對(duì)應(yīng)任何題。
原快速閱讀的考試時(shí)間是15分鐘，原深度閱讀(含選詞填空+仔細(xì)閱讀)的考試時(shí)間是25分鐘，而調(diào)整后的閱讀理解(含選詞填空+長篇閱讀+仔細(xì)閱讀)考試時(shí)間是40分鐘，由此可推出新題型長篇閱讀的考試時(shí)間基本不變，大概15分鐘。
從樣卷來看，長篇閱讀主要考查段落信息匹配題。段落信息匹配題有4個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
1.絕對(duì)亂序：如第一個(gè)題干對(duì)應(yīng)的并不是原文的第一段，而是第四段。
2.絕對(duì)同義轉(zhuǎn)換：如第49題題干中的“change”為E段首句中 “reshape”的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。
3.通常超細(xì)節(jié)：如第47題題干中的 “since the mid-1970s”, “3.9 percent”, 第50題題干中的 “twenty percent” 都是考查學(xué)生對(duì)數(shù)字這一小細(xì)節(jié)是否注意。
4.通常無特殊印刷體。
從這4大特點(diǎn)我們足以看出這類題的難度：絕對(duì)亂序意味著考生不能按“題文同序”原則逐一解題;同義轉(zhuǎn)換、超細(xì)節(jié)及無特殊印刷體意味著考生要費(fèi)大量腦細(xì)胞去理解所讀到的每個(gè)信息，無法快速地定位!
三、答題技巧
1.整體把握文章的脈絡(luò)至關(guān)重要。
段落信息匹配題的題目的順序與文章的行文順序完全不符，這就要求考生在閱讀文章時(shí)整體把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò)，熟悉文章的寫作思路，基本能做到理解每題的中心思想后，能大體定位到文章的相應(yīng)部分，而不是漫無目的地在全文的每個(gè)段落里搜尋。如樣題中的文章：首先引出話題;中間部分主要談?wù)搩煞矫娴膬?nèi)容—大學(xué)在全球網(wǎng)羅人才和開展工作，同時(shí)大學(xué)也在重塑研究方法;最后是大學(xué)全球化的影響和作用。把文章這樣分成四個(gè)部分以后，根據(jù)每個(gè)題目的內(nèi)容，就可以找到大體的位置。
2.準(zhǔn)確理解題目的內(nèi)容是前提。
每一道題都是原文信息的再現(xiàn)或轉(zhuǎn)述，只有理解了題目所述內(nèi)容，才能做好后面的段落信息定位。理解題目內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵是：抓句子的主干。冗長的句子，只要抓住了其主干，就不難理解句子的主要含義了。
3.找準(zhǔn)題目中的定位關(guān)鍵詞是關(guān)鍵。
每一道題都是原文信息的再現(xiàn)或轉(zhuǎn)述，只要找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞才能準(zhǔn)確定位到原文的段落中。關(guān)鍵詞多為：a. 名詞或名詞短語，這類詞是題目和文章談?wù)摰膶?duì)象，同義替換的可能性較小，是比較可靠的定位關(guān)鍵詞，如樣題中第46題中的American universities, global careers, internship 都可以在原文中直接找到;b.數(shù)字，如數(shù)量、年份等，這類詞同義替換的可能性非常小，是較理想的定位關(guān)鍵詞，如樣題中第47題中的3.9 percent, 是原文信息的再現(xiàn);c. 專有名詞，如人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名、特殊物質(zhì)等，這類詞幾乎沒有同義替換或轉(zhuǎn)述的可能性，是非常理想的定位關(guān)鍵詞，如樣題中第55題中的Danah Boyd就是一個(gè)專有名詞，可以在原文中直接找到。
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