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大學(xué)英語四級閱讀真題長難句型分析
大學(xué)英語四級考試是由中華人民共和國教育部主辦，中華人民共和國教育部教育考試院（原教育部考試中心）主持和實(shí)施的大規(guī)模標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試，是全國性的教學(xué)考試，其目的是促進(jìn)中國大學(xué)英語教學(xué)工作，對大學(xué)生的英語能力進(jìn)行客觀、準(zhǔn)確地測量，為提高中國大學(xué)英語課程的教學(xué)質(zhì)量提供服務(wù)。以下是小編為大家整理的大學(xué)英語四級閱讀真題長難句型分析，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
大學(xué)英語四級閱讀真題長難句型分析1
長難句一
Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software,most distance learning courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded( 升級)systems.(07.12 Passage 1)
分析主干：courses can run(on...)
Although 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。investment in...表示“在......方面的投資”。不定式to support...是賓語investment 的補(bǔ)足語，“項(xiàng)目需要投資來支持相關(guān)軟件”(因?yàn)?support 的邏輯主語不是programs 而是investment，所以該不定式應(yīng)該是補(bǔ)語，而非目的狀語)。譯文：雖然一些規(guī)模更大的課程需要斥資增加新的服務(wù)器、擴(kuò)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)來支持配套的軟件，但大部分遠(yuǎn)程教育課程可以在現(xiàn)有的或稍加升級的系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行。
長難句二
While many good and useful claims are being made,it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the products they buy.(05.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：it is clear that...
句首的While 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，“盡管”......。it is clear......中，it 是形式主語，省略連接詞that 的從句there is...才是句子的真正主語。in ensuring...是there be 句型的狀語成分，“在確保......方面”。ensuring 后面接的是省略that 的賓語從句。
譯文：雖然有許多好而有用的聲明，但是，很明顯，要確保購買者完全知曉所購產(chǎn)品對環(huán)境的影響還需要很長的時間。
長難句三
They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think,"Geez,if it could happen to him,..."(08.12 Passage 1)
主干：They only come in
1.when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，而且引導(dǎo)兩個并列的從句：a friend drops dead...以及they think...。引號中的是直接引語，作think的賓語。
2.本句在理解上的一個難點(diǎn)是，they think究竟是與they come in并列還是與a friend drops dead并列。從語言形式上看，兩種理解都可以;但從語義邏輯上看，應(yīng)該是“他們只有在想到...的時候才來”，把they think歸到時間狀語從句中更合理。
譯文：只有當(dāng)一位朋友在高爾夫球場猝死時，他們才來看醫(yī)生。他們會想到：“哎呀，如果這樣的事能發(fā)生在他身上...”
長難句四
Sometimes,when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus(相對于)right brain,or nature versus nurture(培育),I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.(07.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：I would fight...
when 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。本句理解上的難點(diǎn)不在語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而在語言本身所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。was pushed into...表明作者不是主動參與這類爭論的。an argument on...“在......方面的爭論”。on my behalf “代表我自己，為我自己�！�
譯文：有時候，當(dāng)我與別人爭論左腦與右腦的問題，或者是先天天賦與后天培育的問題時，我會馬上站在我的立場以及所有女性同胞的立場上給予狠狠的反駁遙。
長難句五
As the words begin to flow,the ideas will come out from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.(07.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：the ideas will come out and let themselves be captured...
句首的as 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。主句部分是復(fù)合謂語，有兩個由and 連接的并列謂語。
譯文：隨著話語開始流淌，思想也會逐漸明朗化，使自己呈現(xiàn)在你的筆記本或者屏幕上。
長難句六
While she awaits the outcome,the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerry‘s.(06.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：the government has granted her permission and she has returned to...
While 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。本句主句是由and 連接兩個分句構(gòu)成的并列句，兩個分句都用了現(xiàn)在完成時，與狀語從句的一般現(xiàn)在時對照來看，表明主句中的兩個動作都是在await 期間完成。grant 后面接了雙賓語，間接賓語是her，直接賓語是permission。
譯文：在她等待結(jié)果出來期間，政府給予她在美國的工作許可，她已經(jīng)返回到她在Ben & Jerry 冰激凌連鎖店的工作崗位。
長難句七
Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade,I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting(借用)my daughter‘s experience.(07.12 Passage 2)
分析主干：I had to accept the fact...
Because 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。該從句用了know little about...結(jié)構(gòu)，about 有兩個賓語。that 引導(dǎo)的從句是即farm animals 和angels，中間用or 連接，兩個名詞分別都有定語從句加以修飾。主句部分fact 帶有that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。
譯文：因?yàn)槲覍褂霉ぞ叩募倚蠛蜕弦荒昙壍奶焓挂粺o所知，所以我得承認(rèn)這樣的事實(shí)：我在借用我女兒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
長難句八
The I SO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging,because terms such as “environmentally friendly”and “non-polluting”cannot be verified.(05.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：院The standards ban claims本句只含一個原因狀語從句，結(jié)構(gòu)上較為簡單。值得注意的是，句中的名詞詞組大多含有修飾成分，如：The ISO labeling standards,claims on product packaging,terms such as...。
譯文：ISO 標(biāo)識標(biāo)準(zhǔn)禁止在商品的包裝上出現(xiàn)模糊的或會引起誤導(dǎo)的產(chǎn)品說明，因?yàn)槲覀儫o法證明類似“環(huán)�！�、“無污染”等這樣的字樣。
長難句九
While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ,distance learning usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi(課程大綱),reading assignments,and schedules on Websites,and students send in their assignments by e-mail.(07.12 Passage 1)
分析主干：distance learning signifies a course
1.句首While 引導(dǎo)狀語從句，有讓步、對比之意。
2.in which 引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a course，該從句本身是and 連接兩個分句構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個分句分別講到有關(guān)老師和學(xué)生的情況。post...on Websites 結(jié)構(gòu)中，post 含有3 個賓語。
譯文：雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程提供的教學(xué)形式會各不相同，但遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)通常都表現(xiàn)為這樣一種課程：教師將課程大綱、閱讀作業(yè)及課程進(jìn)度安排在網(wǎng)站上公布，學(xué)生通過電子郵件提交作業(yè)。
長難句十
While you need to employ both to get to a finished result,they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.(07.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：they cannot work...
While 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，“盡管......”。從句中的employ 表示“采用”，不定式to get...作目的狀語。work in parallel“并行不悖地起作用”。no matter how 也引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“無論多么......”。
譯文“盡管要完成定稿這兩種思維都不可或缺，可是它們卻不能并行著參與寫作過程-----無論我們多么認(rèn)為原本如此。
長難句十一
Even people who have a physical disease or handicap(缺陷)may be "well,"in this new sense,if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.(06.12 Passage 2)
分析主干:people may be "well"
主句的主語people 有一個who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾。if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，從句中的they can 是省略形式的定語從句(相當(dāng)于they can maintain)，修飾health。
譯文：在這種新的意義上來說，甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”，如果他們在面對身體缺陷時盡力去達(dá)到可能的最好健康狀況的話。
長難句十二
Even people who have a physical disease or handicap(缺陷)may be "well,"in this new sense,if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.(06.12 Passage 2)
分析主干:people may be "well"
主句的主語people 有一個who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾。if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，從句中的they can 是省略形式的定語從句(相當(dāng)于they can maintain)，修飾health。
譯文：在這種新的意義上來說，甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的”，如果他們在面對身體缺陷時盡力去達(dá)到可能的最好健康狀況的話。
長難句十三
Most likely,you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the page as the deadline draws near.(07.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：you will believe that...and you will end up staring...
本句主句是and 連接兩個分句構(gòu)成的并列句。前一個分句中，that 引導(dǎo)的從句作believe 的賓語，該賓語從句中又包含一個由than 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。后一個分句中，謂語部分是end up doing 結(jié)構(gòu)，staring...作主語補(bǔ)足語。
譯文：你很有可能會以為這樣加工整理素材會讓你時間不夠用，結(jié)果是最后隨著交稿日期的逐漸臨近，你將只是盯著稿件發(fā)呆。
長難句十四
Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge,the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time.(09.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：the show inspired designers
本句是簡單句。過去分詞短語Organized by...在句中作狀語，用以補(bǔ)充說明主語的背景信息。謂語部分用了inspire sb.to do 結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式短語to work with...是賓語補(bǔ)足語。
譯文：這次時裝秀由總部位于紐約的非盈利組織Earth Pledge 主辦，激發(fā)了許多頂尖設(shè)計(jì)師第一次使用不破壞生態(tài)平衡的布料設(shè)計(jì)時裝。
長難句十五
This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional(過渡型的)cotton at higher prices,thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material.(09.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：Wal-Mart is set to announce a(major)initiative: it will buy(transitional)cotton...
1.本句冒號后的內(nèi)容是對前文initiative 的詳細(xì)闡述，相當(dāng)于一個同位語從句。
2.冒號前的分句中，謂語動詞用了be set to do 結(jié)構(gòu)，過去分詞短語aimed to...是initiatives 的后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。
3.冒號后的分句中，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，其中helping to...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作謂語動詞buy 的狀語，表示目的。
譯文：本周沃爾瑪超市準(zhǔn)備出臺一項(xiàng)重大舉措，目的在于幫助棉農(nóng)種植有機(jī)棉：沃爾瑪將以更高的價格收購過渡型的棉花，以此幫助擴(kuò)大一種重要有機(jī)原材料的供應(yīng)。
長難句十六
Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall,I offered suggestions for characters,conflicts and endings for her tales.(07.12 Passage 2)
分析主干：I offered suggestions(for...)
句首的Telling 是現(xiàn)在分詞，作狀語，表示伴隨動作：它帶了一個賓語從句，從句的表語writer 后接了一個作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞guiding...。主句部分的介詞for 帶有三個名詞作賓語，與suggestion 連用，表示“對.......的建議”。
譯文：我對自己說，我只是一個有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家，在指導(dǎo)身邊的一位年輕作家。我對她的那些故事中的人物堯沖突及結(jié)局提出建議。
長難句十七
Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars,reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable,the detachment(非直接接觸)of emailing would make it easier to lie.(06.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars...
不定式to be the biggest liars 在句中作賓語emailers 的補(bǔ)語�，F(xiàn)在分詞reasoning在句中作伴隨狀語。that 引導(dǎo)從句作reasoning 的賓語。該賓語從句又包含一個原因狀語從句，由because 引導(dǎo)。
譯文：有些心理學(xué)家原以為人們在電子郵件中最容易撒謊，理由是：欺騙使人感到不舒服，所以電子郵件這種非直接接觸的媒介能讓人的謊言更容易說出口。
長難句十八
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge( 大雜燴)ofenvironmental claims made by household products,according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.(05.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：Consumers are being confused and misled by...
本句用了現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)，含兩個謂語動詞confused 和misled。過去分詞短語made by...和published by...分別修飾前面的名詞claims 和study。
譯文：根據(jù)消費(fèi)者國際組織在星期五發(fā)表的野綠色商標(biāo)冶研究報(bào)告，消費(fèi)者受到了各種家居產(chǎn)品五花八門的環(huán)保聲明的誤導(dǎo)，都被搞糊涂了。
長難句十九
I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent蒺s intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play.(05.6 Passage 1)
分析主干：I have(also)witnessed a player reacting
reacting 在句中是現(xiàn)在分詞，作賓語a player 的補(bǔ)語;by...hitting...是reacting 的方式狀語，hitting 作介詞by 的賓語。as hard as he could 是比較結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“盡力”。
譯文：還有一次我看到過一個球員在比賽中因?yàn)閷Ψ降囊粋�有意犯規(guī)阻擋，而故意使足了力氣把球砸向?qū)Ψ健?/p>
長難句二十
Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits.(08.6 Passage 2)
分析主干：someone will glance...
本句是個簡單句，謂語動詞glance 后接介詞短語through purchases or bills。不定式短語to find out...在句中作狀語，表示“無意中一瞥”的結(jié)果。
譯文：或者有人會隨意翻閱你的信用卡購物單或手機(jī)話費(fèi)單，以此來了解你的購物喜好或通話習(xí)慣。
大學(xué)英語四級閱讀真題長難句型分析2
1.Scott Hahn,cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate,which uses all-organic cotton,says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為Scott Hahn says…h(huán)igh-quality sustainable…find為says的賓語。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句which uses all-organic cotton修飾的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory為Scott Hahn的同位語。
【譯文】Scott Hahn與Gregory同為使用全有機(jī)棉的Rogan和Loomstate公司的創(chuàng)始人，他聲稱，高質(zhì)量的可持續(xù)使用面料仍然很難尋覓到。
2.Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為Most designers…are finding…。there aren’t…used to為省略了that的賓語從句。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can just replace…修飾fabrics。what引導(dǎo)的兩個賓語從句what you’re doing和what your customers are used to作replace的賓語。
【譯文】他說，“大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有品牌設(shè)計(jì)師發(fā)現(xiàn)，并沒有匹配的面料能代替你正用著的和顧客們已經(jīng)適應(yīng)的面料�！�
3.Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs(企業(yè)家)who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為… Designers & Agents stopped charging…and gave special recognition…。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who attend its…York修飾entrepreneurs，whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句whose collections are…sustainable修飾designers。
【譯文】去年，頗具影響力的Designers & Agents對參加其在洛杉磯和紐約舉辦的兩次春季展覽的年輕環(huán)保企業(yè)家們實(shí)行免費(fèi)入場，同時給予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持續(xù)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)師們以特別表彰。
4.This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional(過渡型的)cotton at higher prices,thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material.(2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為Wal-Mart is set to announce a… initiative。aimed…organic為后置定語，修飾initiative。冒號后的句子it will buy…prices即initiative的內(nèi)容，相當(dāng)于initiative的同位語從句。helping to…sustainable作伴隨狀語。
【譯文】本周沃爾瑪特打算宣布一大重要舉措，旨在幫助種植棉花的農(nóng)民走有機(jī)種植之路：它將以稍高價收購過渡型的棉花，以此幫助擴(kuò)大一種主要的可持續(xù)使用面料的供應(yīng)量。
5.Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand(縷)of hair,a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為Scientists have devised a way…。a technique為a way的同位語。where引導(dǎo)的賓語從句where…lived作determine的賓語。using…h(huán)air為現(xiàn)在分詞作方式狀語。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that…victims修飾technique。
【譯文】科學(xué)家已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出一個方法，憑借人的一縷頭發(fā)便能大致確定某人曾經(jīng)居住過的地點(diǎn)，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可能能夠幫助跟蹤鎖定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活動場所。
6.Todd Park,a local detective,said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為Todd Park said…。a local detective為Todd Park的同位語。the method has…為省略了引導(dǎo)詞that的賓語從句，該賓語從句中又包含一個由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句whose skeleton…Lake，修飾的是woman。
【譯文】當(dāng)?shù)氐膫商絋odd Park說這個方法幫助他了解到關(guān)于一具在大鹽湖附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。
7.He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions,but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為He had a…résumé and gave…responses,but the fact…said untrustworthy…so she decided…。從句that he never looked her in the eye為the fact的同位語。and連接He的兩個謂賓，but表轉(zhuǎn)折，so則表結(jié)果。
【譯文】這位應(yīng)試者的履歷非常完美，并且對她的問題回答得不錯，但是，他不敢正視她這一事實(shí)意味著“不值得信賴”，因此她決定把工作留給第二個候選人。
8.When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past,from the media,peers,family,friends,etc.,we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed(有缺陷的)or contrary to our fundamental values.(2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主句為we begin to realize…，從句為When引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句When we…etc.。主句中包括一個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that some…values，作realize的賓語。從句中包含了一個由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句what we think，作challenge的賓語；而think后又帶了一個省略引導(dǎo)詞的賓語從句we have learned from…etc.
【譯文】當(dāng)我們開始質(zhì)疑自己的假設(shè)，并且向那些我們認(rèn)為是從我們的過去、媒體、同輩、家人、朋友等那里學(xué)到的東西發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)的時候，我們就開始意識到我們的結(jié)論有些是有缺陷的，或者說與我們的基本價值是相違背的。
9.We need to train ourselves to think differently,shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us,creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為We need to…。to后帶了三個并列的不定式，分別是train ourselves to think，shift our mindsets和realize，而that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that diversity opens…us則作realize的賓語。creating…communities作伴隨狀語，該狀語中又包括一個由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that benefit everyone，修飾的是opportunities。
【譯文】我們需要訓(xùn)練自己用不同的思維方式去思考，轉(zhuǎn)變我們的思維，并且意識到多元化的大門向我們每一個人開放，這樣就能創(chuàng)造機(jī)會，使組織和社區(qū)中的每一個人都受益。
10.They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think,‘Geez,if it could happen to him,…’
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主句為They only come in，從句為when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。從句中包含兩個由and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)a friend drops dead和they think…�！瓽eez…’為think的賓語，該賓語的省略號里其實(shí)省略了與it could happen to him結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的it could happen to me too。
【譯文】某個朋友在打高爾夫時猝死，他們會想：‘天啊，如果這能在他身上發(fā)生……’，只有這個時候他們才會來(醫(yī)院)。36.
Yale professor and Harvard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools.
【分析】本句為簡單句。句子主干為Tian Xu directs a research center。主語前面的部分都是它的同位語，說明身份。focused on作后置定語修飾research center；at Shanghai’s Fudan University是地點(diǎn)狀語；in collaboration with…則是方式狀語。
【譯文】由徐天教授(耶魯大學(xué)教授，霍華德休斯醫(yī)學(xué)院研究員)所負(fù)責(zé)的人類疾病遺傳學(xué)研究中心坐落在上海的復(fù)旦大學(xué)，其工作人員由耶魯和復(fù)旦兩所大學(xué)共同派人組成。
11.He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.(2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為He believes…diseases…could be addressed…that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that commonly affect men修飾most diseases。by preventive check-ups為be addressed的方式狀語。
【譯文】他相信，那些經(jīng)常感染男性的疾病大多數(shù)都可以通過預(yù)防性的檢查來處理掉。
12.Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store,but instead will alert their friends,relatives,coworkers,strangers — and anyone who will listen.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為Shoppers seldom complain to…but…will alert…破折號在這里起到強(qiáng)調(diào)或引起別人注意破折號后面要說的話的作用。在破折號后，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who will listen修飾的是anyone。
【譯文】顧客很少向經(jīng)理或者零售店的老板投訴，相反，他們會轉(zhuǎn)而向他們的朋友、親戚、同事、陌生人——以及任何可以聽到的人吐苦水。
13.This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly,and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
【分析】本句為簡單句，主干為This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space為現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語，修飾those。
【譯文】這些引導(dǎo)消除了顧客在停車場無盡地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顧客之間因搶占空車位而引發(fā)的沖突。
14.Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer,instead of complaining to the rest of the world.
【分析】本句為簡單句，主干為Customers can…improve…experiences。方式狀語by filling complaints to the retailer修飾improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定，其前后成分結(jié)構(gòu)一致，complaining前其實(shí)省略了by。
【譯文】顧客也可以通過向零售商投訴來改善今后的購物體驗(yàn)，而不是向全世界其他的人抱怨。
15.A code of conduct is hard to create when you’re living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep,and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主句為A code of conduct is hard to create，從句為when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句when you’re living…last。從句中又包括兩個由介詞in加which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which everyone is…sleep和in which nice…last，先行詞均為a world。
【譯文】當(dāng)你生活在一個每個人都因加班工作、缺乏睡眠而筋疲力盡的社會，在一個好人最后總是吃虧的社會時，很難創(chuàng)造出一套行為準(zhǔn)則。
16.This jumping to our children’s defence is part of what fuels the “walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other people’s children.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，主干為…jumping to our children’s defence is part of…。what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句what fuels…feelings作of的賓語。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that surrounds…children修飾feeling。
【譯文】這種對孩子的急切保護(hù)，加劇了我們在處理別人孩子的事情時，那種“在蛋殼上行走”的感覺。
17.Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term,about 78 years for men in Australia,you’ll die on average five years before a woman.
【分析】本句為簡單句。句子主干為 you’ll die…Assuming…term 為條件狀語。about 78 years for men in Australia作插入語，是對natural term的解釋說明，去掉后，句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語義仍完整。
【譯文】假定你有幸活到了生命的自然盡頭——在澳大利亞男性大概是78歲——你平均也要比女性早去世五年。
18.Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year.(2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句為Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man。 who引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾 a 50-year-old man。delay后常接動名詞，表示“推遲做某事”。smoker’s cough指吸煙引起的咳嗽。
【譯文】兩個月前，古麗塔遇見一位50歲的男人，他耽擱了一年而未對吸煙引起的咳嗽做任何處理。
19.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints,and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors,according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.(2008年12月)
【分析】本句為并列復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，according to…是介詞短語。conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School作后置定語修飾a study。the last one to do sth.意為“最后一個做某事的人”。
【譯文】據(jù)沃德集團(tuán)和沃頓商學(xué)院所做的一份聯(lián)合調(diào)查顯示，商店經(jīng)理總是最后一個接到投訴，并且通常是當(dāng)他們的�？蜎Q定定期光顧他們的競爭對手時才發(fā)現(xiàn)。
20.“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch.
【分析】本句中的直接引語為復(fù)合句。句子主干為Retailers are more likely to smooth over issues than those,more…than是比較級結(jié)構(gòu)。第一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾Retailers，第二個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾those。
【譯文】史提芬霍克教授說：“與那些態(tài)度不友好的零售商相比，能夠及時作出反應(yīng)且態(tài)度友好的零售商更有可能平息事端�！�
大學(xué)英語四級閱讀真題長難句型分析3
【句型1】It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.（Lesson 4）
【譯文】人們同時還發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管她能用手指識別東西，但她的雙手一弄濕這種功能即刻消失。
【講解】the moment her hands were wet是時間狀語從句，意為“她的雙手一濕”。the moment（that）意為“一……就……（as soon as）”，例如：
【原文】She called her mother the moment（that）she reached the hotel.
【譯文】她一到旅館就給她母親打了電話。
【句型2】If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it,not the young themselves.（Lesson 5）
【譯文】假如確有這個問題的話——我冒昧對此表示懷疑——那么這個問題是由老年人而非年輕人臆造的。
【講解】if there is one中的one指a problem of youth。which I take leave to doubt系插入語，表示委婉語氣。
【句型3】There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.（Lesson 5）
【譯文】老年人和年輕人只有一個區(qū)別：年輕人有光輝燦爛的前景，而老年人的輝煌已成為過去。問題的癥結(jié)恐怕就在于此。
【講解】a young one中one替代man以避免重復(fù)。句中的兩個冒號系亮點(diǎn)所在，前一個介紹difference的同位語，后一個引出說明性內(nèi)容。此句闡述青年人與老年人之差別，系作者細(xì)致觀察之結(jié)論，非高手不能為之。the rub（困難，障礙）也應(yīng)熟練掌握。例如：
【原文】There’s the rub.
【譯文】難就難在這兒。
【原文】We’d like to travel,but the rub is that we have no money.
【句型4】When I was a teenager,I felt that I was just young and uncertain—that I was a new boy in a huge school,and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.（Lesson 5）
【譯文】我十幾歲時，總覺得自己年輕，懵懵懂懂——我感到我就像一所大學(xué)校里的新生，假如我當(dāng)時真的極為有趣地被人看作是個問題，我真會感到非常得意。
【講解】that I was a new…problem作felt的賓語，破折號表示引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。本句的要點(diǎn)在于暗喻（metaphor）修辭手法，作者把社會比作a huge school，把自己比作a new boy。
【譯文】我們喜歡旅行，問題是沒有錢。
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