英語四級(jí)考試語法精要

　　引導(dǎo)語：英語四級(jí)考試語法精要，由應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)整理而成，希望能夠幫助到您。

　　一、動(dòng)名詞

　　1. 某些動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)名詞

　　某些及物動(dòng)詞后能用動(dòng)名詞而不能用不定式作賓語，其中最常用動(dòng)詞的有admit, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, imagine, can’t help, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest等。

　　She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.

　　There’s no way to escape doing the work.

　　She is considering asking her employer for a rise.

　　Note:

　　① 在need、want、require、deserve等動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)式

　　The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)

　　The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled deserve to be respected.)

　　② 在like、hate、prefer等動(dòng)詞后,如果表示一般傾向,則用動(dòng)名詞作賓語;如果指具體的某次發(fā)生在將來的行動(dòng)，則要用不定式。

　　I like reading books of this kind, but I don’t like to read that book.

　　She prefers walking to cycling.

　　I prefer to stay at home today.

　�、� 在remember、forget、regret等動(dòng)詞后,如果用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，則表示該賓語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在動(dòng)詞謂語的動(dòng)作之前;如果用不定式作賓語，則表示賓語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在動(dòng)詞謂語的動(dòng)作之后

　　I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I had locked the door.)

　　I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)

　　I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)

　　I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)

　　2. 動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語

　　動(dòng)名詞可作介詞的賓語，與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作定語、狀語或表語。

　　His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.

　　She left without saying goodbye to us.

　　動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語常用在某些詞組后面。這類常用的詞組主要有：be accustomed to, believe in, confess to, dream of, feel like, give up, insist on, be interested in, look forward to, object to, have an (no) objection to, pay attention to, put off, be responsible for, succeed in, be tired of, be (get) used to, worry about,等。

　　He is used to living on his own.

　　He has made up his mind to give up smoking.

　　3. 帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞

　　動(dòng)名詞可以有邏輯主語，其構(gòu)成形式為“名詞或代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞”。帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞又稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中用作主語,賓語,表語和介詞的賓語。在非正式語體中，如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語，也可以賓格來充當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。但考生需注意的是，在各種英語測試中，專家們?nèi)詧?jiān)持在正式語體中用代詞的所有格來作動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。

　　Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.

　　I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.

　　Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.

　　What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming’s having too much confidence in himself.

　　二、不定式

　　1. 某些動(dòng)詞后要接不定式

　　某些及物動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式作賓語，其中最常用的動(dòng)詞有agree, afford, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want, wish等。

　　What do you plan to do tomorrow?

　　She hated to move from such a nice village.

　　In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students

　　2. 不定式的被動(dòng)式

　　不定式有被動(dòng)式，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式要用被動(dòng)式，在句中可作主語，賓語，定語，狀語，復(fù)合賓語等。作定語時(shí)，通常表示在謂語動(dòng)作后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

　　The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.

　　She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.

　　3. 不定式的完成式

　　當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作賓語，狀語以及構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，復(fù)合謂語。

　　She seemed to have heard about the news already.

　　He was believed to have been a very rich man.

　　4. 不定式的完成被動(dòng)式

　　當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，且不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，不定式要用完成被動(dòng)式，在句中可作主語，賓語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，復(fù)合謂語。

　　The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.

　　It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.

　　5. 帶邏輯主語的不定式短語

　　不定式可以有邏輯主語，其構(gòu)成形式為“for +代詞的賓格(或名詞) +不定式”。 帶邏輯主語的不定式短語可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語等。

　　It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.

　　I think it better for you to see the doctor.

　　What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

　　I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.

　　6. 帶疑問詞的不定式短語

　　不定式前可以加某些疑問代詞，如who、what、which,或疑問副詞，如when、where、how、why等，構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語等。

　　How to improve English is often discussed among the students.

　　We haven’t decided when to visit the place.

　　The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.

　　You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.

　　7. 某些動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式不帶to，這些動(dòng)詞是feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch等。

　　Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.

　　I often hear them sing this song.

　　三、分詞

　　1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別

　　現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和語態(tài)上。現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作并表示主動(dòng)的意義，而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作并表示被動(dòng)的意義。比較：

　　a changing world(一個(gè)變化著的世界);a changed world( 一個(gè)已經(jīng)起變化的世界)

　　surprising news(令人驚訝的消息);surprised people(感到驚訝的人們)

　　2. 分詞作狀語

　　作狀語時(shí)，表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、結(jié)果、條件、讓步和伴隨情況等。另外，作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子的主語一致。

　　Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.

　　Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.

　　3. 分詞作定語

　　分詞常用來修飾名詞或代詞作定語。單個(gè)的分詞作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞之前;分詞短語作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞之后。但有些單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語時(shí)，也可放在被修飾詞之后。

　　He’s a spoilt child.

　　The man standing over there is our new English teacher.

　　Where are we to get the material needed?

　　4. 分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　分詞可在感覺動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。常用的感覺動(dòng)詞主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell等。常用的使役動(dòng)詞主要有：get, have, keep, leave, set, make, let等。此外，分詞還可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

　　She watched her baby sleeping.

　　I got my hair cut.

　　I don’t want you worrying about me.

　　5. 分詞與連詞的連用

　　分詞可與各種連詞(如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though等)連用。連詞+分詞(短語)的結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于狀語從句。

　　She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.

　　He went on talking, though continually interrupted.

　　6. 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

　　分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語與句子的主語應(yīng)該一致;否則，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)一般位于句首，作伴隨狀語以及在科技文章中表示附加說明時(shí)，它常位于句末。分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞、代詞+分詞構(gòu)成，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨情況等。

　　Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

　　Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.

　　He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

　　There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students.

　　四、非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　不定式

　　形式

　　主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式

　　一般式 to do to be done

　　完成式 to have done to have been done

　　進(jìn)行式 to be doing

　　完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing

　　完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生. 假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式。

　　I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).

　　(比較: I am glad to see you.)

　　He is said to have written a new book about workers.

　　He pretended not to have seen me.

　　進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式。

　　You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet.

　　We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.

　　He pretended to be listening attentively.

　　完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.

　　The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.

　　We are happy to have been working with you.

　　五、被動(dòng)式

　　當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.

　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

　　She hated to be flattered.

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

　　This is bound to be found out.

　　There are a lot of things to be done.

　　She was too young to be assigned such work.

　　功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).

　　a. To scold her would not be just.

　　b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.

　　c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.

　　d. Do you have anything to declare?

　　e. We have come to learn from you.

　　不帶to 的不定式:

　　在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.

　　John made her tell him everything.

　　這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.

　　She was made to tell him everything.

　　在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.

　　I'd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

　　They cannot but accept his term.

　　在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.

　　John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.

　　I've heard tell of him.

　　在動(dòng)詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.

　　Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

　　在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.

　　There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.

　　Smith will do anything but work on a farm.

　　There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

　　連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.

　　Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.

　　出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.

　　He decided to write rather than telephone.

　　The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

　　用作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

　　What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.

　　All you do now is complete the form

　　The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

　　The thing to do now is clear up this mess.

　　The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.

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