- 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞 推薦度:
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關(guān)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的主語(yǔ)從句
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是針對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行研究后,系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來(lái)的一系列語(yǔ)言規(guī)則。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的精髓在于掌握語(yǔ)言的使用。以下是小編整理的關(guān)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的主語(yǔ)從句,一起來(lái)看看吧。
一.主語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如: It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film. It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) It is +名詞+從句 It is a fact that … 事實(shí)是… It is an honor that …非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that …是常識(shí)
(2) it is +形容詞+從句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is +不及物動(dòng)詞+從句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it +過(guò)去分詞+從句 It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道… It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)…
3. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況
(1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如: It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如: It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn't matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如: It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如: Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
What 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).表語(yǔ),而that 則不然。例如:
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二、定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分,定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。
(一) 限定性定語(yǔ)從句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ),注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置。
2. which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟。
3. 代表物時(shí)多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時(shí)的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人,分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
5. where是關(guān)系副詞,用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句
6. when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間[注]值得一提的是,表示時(shí)間“time
7. whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格
8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用there is來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
。ǘ┓窍薅ㄐ远ㄕZ(yǔ)從句:
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂(lè),而他恰恰與我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。
3. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
4. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.
定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)
1.定語(yǔ)從句:修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。
2.關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用:1,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。2,代替先行詞。3,在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。
二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.who指人,在從句中做主語(yǔ)
(1) The boys who are playing football arefromClass One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),?墒÷。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意:關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替,可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
如果在從句中做賓語(yǔ),就用whom或who.
比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在從句中作主語(yǔ)就只能用who.
比如: He is the man who has an English book.
4. that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時(shí),常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
【拓展】定于從句和賓語(yǔ)從句區(qū)分
定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句是修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句,被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。
(1)由That引導(dǎo),(指人或物),先行詞是人或物;
(2)由Who引導(dǎo),(指人),先行詞是人;
(3)由Which引導(dǎo),(指物),先行詞是物;
舉例說(shuō)明(1)(2):This is the engineer that/who will give us a talk.
特殊情況:引導(dǎo)詞只能用That而不用其他。
<1>被序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾的先行詞后邊,只能用That;
e.g:This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.
Xiao Ming is the first forginer that I have know.
<2>先行詞是不定代詞的必須用That;
注意:定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。(這里所說(shuō)的數(shù)是單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式要與第幾人稱一致)
賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句就是陳述句語(yǔ)序,賓語(yǔ)從句就是由直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ),或由間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹苯右Z(yǔ)。
(1)由That引導(dǎo)(在句子中常被省略)
例:The boy said to this mother “I want to buy a bag.”
這個(gè)男孩對(duì)他媽媽說(shuō),我想買個(gè)書包。(直接引語(yǔ))
The boy told this mother (that) he wanted to a bag.
男孩告訴他的媽媽說(shuō),他想買個(gè)書包。(間接引語(yǔ))
直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)里的動(dòng)詞會(huì)有變化,變化方式:
直接引語(yǔ)————間接引語(yǔ)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)——一般過(guò)去時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)——過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)——過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
二、由If或Whether引導(dǎo)(是不是、是否,If在連接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)是這個(gè)意思;連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),假如、如果)
例:The teacher asked “do you know his name”.(直接引語(yǔ))
The teacher asked me if (或Whether)I knew his name.(間接引語(yǔ))
。ㄗ⒁庵苯右Z(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)變化)
特殊情況:只能用Whether,而不能用If。
(1)放在動(dòng)詞不定式前邊時(shí):
例:I can't decide whether to buy this pen or that one.
(2)放在介詞后邊時(shí):
例:I worry about(介詞)whether I can pass the exam.
(3)與“or not”連用時(shí):(一般情況這倆詞都是句尾)
例:I don't whether I can help you or not.
三、由疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的直接引語(yǔ)(原句是特殊疑問(wèn)句)
例:The teacher asked Liu Xiang “What time is it?”(直接引語(yǔ))
The teacher asked Liu Xiang what time it was.(間接引語(yǔ))
注意:(時(shí)態(tài)搭配關(guān)系:主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),從句根據(jù)需要可使用任何時(shí)態(tài),主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),從句必須是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)中的一種。)
特殊情況:如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是一種客觀性真理(比如:世界上有一個(gè)太陽(yáng),有一個(gè)地球......)這是賓語(yǔ)從句,主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的情況下從句仍然是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
If可能連接的是賓語(yǔ)從句也可能是條件狀語(yǔ)從句,連的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)意思是(是不是;是否)連的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意思是(假如,如果),連接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)搭配關(guān)系以寫出,連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),區(qū)分它連的是賓語(yǔ)從句還是條件狀語(yǔ)從句,If放在動(dòng)詞后邊時(shí),這是連接的賓語(yǔ)從句,其他位置即是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
表語(yǔ)從句
一、何謂“表語(yǔ)”?
說(shuō)到表語(yǔ)從句,就不得不先說(shuō)說(shuō)什么是“表語(yǔ)”。
表語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)區(qū)別于漢語(yǔ)所特有的一種詞類,是起表述作用的句子成分:
從形式上講,它是位于系動(dòng)詞之后的成分;
從含義上講,它是用來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)“是什么或是怎么樣”的成分。
表語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的。表語(yǔ)必須和系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),作為句子的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)通常由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞以及從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。
二、何謂“表語(yǔ)從句”?
當(dāng)句子的表語(yǔ)由從句來(lái)充當(dāng)時(shí),這個(gè)從句就叫做表語(yǔ)從句。
表語(yǔ)從句一般都是位于系動(dòng)詞之后的。
三、表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有:
that
whether
what/who/whom/whose/which
when/where/why/how及其短語(yǔ)
(一)that
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只起連接作用,不在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)任何句子成分。如:
His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.
Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thieffromrunning away.
【注意】
當(dāng)名詞主語(yǔ)是表示建議、命令、要求等含義(如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等)時(shí),其表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要采用“should+do”的形式,should可以省略。如:
The officer's order was that all the soldiers (should) never surrender to the enemy.
(二)whether
當(dāng)表語(yǔ)從句要表達(dá)“是否”的含義時(shí),連接詞要用whether。如:
His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.
需要注意的是,盡管if也可以表示“是否”的含義,但在表語(yǔ)從句中只能用whether,不能用if。
(三)what/who/whom/whose/which
這些疑問(wèn)代詞如果用來(lái)連接表語(yǔ)從句,既起著連接作用,同時(shí)又在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如:
My concern is what he really expects to getfromus.
Her question is who has broken the glass.
Our dilemma is which side we should take.
Their worry is whom she can rely on.
His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.
(四)when/where/why/how及其短語(yǔ)
這些疑問(wèn)副詞如果用來(lái)連接表語(yǔ)從句,既起著連接作用,同時(shí)又在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,一般作狀語(yǔ)。如:
The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.
He remains where I was last night.
That's why he was late for school this morning.
Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.
【注意】
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句要用that連接,而不是because。如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.
四、表語(yǔ)從句的特殊連接詞
除了以上常見(jiàn)的連接詞外,還有一些特殊的連接詞可以用來(lái)連接表語(yǔ)從句。
(一)(just) as
表示“正如”,經(jīng)常與表象系動(dòng)詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如:
She looks just as she was ten years ago.
(二)as if/though
表示“好像”,也常與表象系動(dòng)詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如:
It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.
【注意】
這種情況下,as if/though后面的表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式,其用法是:該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要采用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:
She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.
They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.
(三)because
前面講到why可以用來(lái)連接表語(yǔ)從句,其實(shí)because也可以用來(lái)連接表語(yǔ)從句。如:
She is very familiar with the film. This is because she has already seen the film.
【注意】
在這種情況下,盡管since/for/as都可以表示原因,但這三個(gè)詞不能用來(lái)連接表語(yǔ)從句。
【拓展】
名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞,可分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此,名詞性從句可分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位從句。
一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
1. 連接代詞:who, whose, whom, what, which.有詞義,在從句中擔(dān)任成分,如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)等。
2. 連接副詞:when, where, why, how.有詞義,在從句中擔(dān)任成分,作狀語(yǔ)。
3. 連接詞:that, whether, if, as if.that 無(wú)詞義,在從句中不擔(dān)任成分,有時(shí)可省略;if (whether), as if雖有詞義,但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。
注意:連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問(wèn)句,因而從句中謂語(yǔ)不用疑問(wèn)式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分,連接詞whether 和if(是否),as if(好像)在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義,如果連接代詞與連接副詞,whether、if 和as if都用不上時(shí),才用that作連接詞(that本身無(wú)任何含義)。
二、主語(yǔ)從句
1. 主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句作主語(yǔ)。
e.g. Who will go is not important.
2. 用it作形式主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。
e.g. It doesn‘t matter so much whether you will come or not.
3. that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí),不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
三、表語(yǔ)從句
1. 表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ),位于系動(dòng)詞之后。
e.g. The question was who could go there.
2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that有時(shí)可省去。
e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
四、賓語(yǔ)從句
1. 賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that一般可省略。
e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2. 介詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句,不可用which或if連接,要分別用what或 whether.
e.g. I’m interested in whether you‘ve finished the work……
I’m interested in what you‘ve said.
3. whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,常可互換。但下面情況不能互換。
。1)賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí),只用if,不用whether.
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
。2)用if 會(huì)引起誤解,就要用whether.
e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易當(dāng)成條件句理解)
(3)賓語(yǔ)從句中的whether 與or not直接連用,就不能換成if;不直接連用,可換。
e.g. I don‘t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
(4)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether 可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句,還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,以上均不能換成if.但引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí),只能用if,而不能用whether.
e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don‘t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
五、同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語(yǔ),一般位于該名詞(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。
e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
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