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過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)法解析
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,側(cè)重事情的結(jié)果。下面是小編精心整理的過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)法解析,歡迎閱讀與收藏。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)法解析
1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的定義
過(guò)去完成時(shí)既可表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前所發(fā)生的事情(常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有already, before, ever, just, never, still, yet),也可表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間(常接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段)。如:
When I got to the station, the train had left. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)車(chē)站時(shí),火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
We had learnt fifteen lessons by last week. 到上周為止,我們學(xué)完了十五篇課文。
He had stayed here for two days before he left. 他走之前在這兒呆了兩天。
He said that he had lived there since he was ten. 他說(shuō)他十歲起就住在那兒了。
2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
(1) 與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以多種多樣,使用它的主要依據(jù)是看其是否發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如:
He had learnt some English before I went here. 在來(lái)這兒之前我學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。
He had written three stories by last year. 到去年他已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了三篇故事。
We had cleaned the room when he got there. 當(dāng)他到那兒時(shí),我們已經(jīng)把房子弄干凈了。
He went there after he had finished his work. 他把事做完之后,就去哪兒了。
注意:當(dāng)主句跟由before, after, as soon as所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間從句的動(dòng)作連接很緊密時(shí),從句也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
He went there after he read the letter. 他看了那封信后就去那兒了。
(2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)還經(jīng)常用于主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:
He said he had been a soldier. 他說(shuō)他當(dāng)過(guò)兵。
They said they had seen the film. 他們說(shuō)這幕電影他們看過(guò)。
(3) 在hardly / scarcely …when…, no sooner…than… 兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主句通常要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
Hardly had I told her the news when she began to cry out. 她一聽(tīng)到這一消息就大哭了起來(lái)。
Scarcely had he finished his supper when he went out. 他已吃完晚飯就出去了。
No sooner had he fallen asleep than he lay down on the bed. 他一躺倒床上就睡著了。
(4) 動(dòng)詞expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可用來(lái)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、打算或希望。如:
I had hoped to see you. 我本希望來(lái)看你。
He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. 他本想在北京買(mǎi)棟房子。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)法
一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)
概念:表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去( past-in-the-past )”。
構(gòu)成:“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞”,其中 had 通用于各種人稱(chēng)。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到達(dá)旅館之前,他們已經(jīng)吃過(guò)了早飯。
She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.今天早晨10點(diǎn)之前,她已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完了作文。
二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
用法1.表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。例如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來(lái)時(shí),雨已經(jīng)停了。(雨停發(fā)生在醒來(lái)之前,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)
用法2.表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間,而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。例如:
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. 到去年年底為止,他已經(jīng)在這個(gè)工廠工作了20年。(到去年年底為止已工作了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)
三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)
1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定
一般說(shuō)來(lái),各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:
。1)by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),例如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.
到昨天晚上九點(diǎn)鐘為止,我已經(jīng)讀完了這本小說(shuō)。
。2)by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),例如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩千多單詞。
。3)before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),例如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上周三之前,他們已經(jīng)植了六百棵樹(shù)。
2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,是指在過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
。1)賓語(yǔ)從句中
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
她說(shuō)她之前看過(guò)這部電影。
。2)狀語(yǔ)從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
當(dāng)我到達(dá)車(chē)站的時(shí)候,火車(chē)已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。
注意:before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
Where did you study before you came here?
在你來(lái)這里之前,你在哪里學(xué)習(xí)?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
他關(guān)上門(mén)后,離開(kāi)了教室。
。3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…",例如:
We had thought that you would come, but you didnt.
我原認(rèn)為你會(huì)來(lái)的,但是你沒(méi)有。
3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.
昨天我在街上遇到了王濤。自從他去了北京我們一直還沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)彼此。
四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同,過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
到昨天十點(diǎn)為止,他們已經(jīng)到達(dá)了車(chē)站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
他們?cè)谧蛱焓c(diǎn)的時(shí)候到達(dá)車(chē)站。
2. 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷,先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
她很高興。她的全家對(duì)她也很滿(mǎn)意。她剛剛在作文比賽中得了第一。
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