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英語(yǔ)省略句的用法和種類
省略句用在哪里才合適?有幾種省略句?下面是小編收集整理的英語(yǔ)省略句的用法和種類,歡迎參考!
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如:
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1.狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中:1)由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;2)由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;3)由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;4)由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句;5)由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則:
1) 當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be,這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):(1) 連詞(as, as if , once)+ 名詞; (2) 連詞( though, whether , when)+形容詞;(3) 連詞(whether, as if ,while )+介詞短語(yǔ);(4) 連詞(when , while , though )+ 現(xiàn)在分詞; (5) 連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 過(guò)去分詞; (6) 連詞(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如:
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工 人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會(huì)后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開(kāi)嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。
注意:
1) 當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí),間或也有這樣的省略,如:
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過(guò)馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
2) 當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是 it,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 時(shí),可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒(méi)有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1) 一般說(shuō)來(lái),在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如:
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎?(2002上海春季)
而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較:
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天見(jiàn)到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見(jiàn)到他了。
2)在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中,關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來(lái)代替,甚至還可省略。如:
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
3)當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時(shí) ,從句不能用 how 來(lái)引導(dǎo) ,應(yīng)該用that 或 in which ,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷。如?/p>
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3.賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1)在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略;但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句 ,那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。如:
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order
2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語(yǔ)從句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4.在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should +動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法國(guó)總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)。
5.主句省略多用于句首。如:
(It is a ) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾,我昨天沒(méi)有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。
6.在答語(yǔ)中,主句可全部省略。如:
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)? —因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?/p>
三、簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略
1.省略主語(yǔ)
1)祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略 如:
(You) Open the door, please. 請(qǐng)開(kāi)一下門。
2) 其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法 如:
a) (I) Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。
b) (It)Doesn't matter.沒(méi)關(guān)系。
2.省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分 如:
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽煙
b) (Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ?
c) (You come)This way please.請(qǐng)這邊走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ?
3.省略賓語(yǔ) 如:
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎?— I don't know (him.) 我不認(rèn)識(shí)他
4.省略表語(yǔ) 如:
—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎? Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5.同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分 如:
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你覺(jué)得好些了嗎 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。
四、動(dòng)詞不定式省略,只保留to 的場(chǎng)合
1.不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.—你本該在離開(kāi)前謝謝她!冶敬蛩氵@么做,但當(dāng)我就要離開(kāi)的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。(2000上海春)
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做,你可以這么做。
2.不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to (come). 她想來(lái),可是她父母不讓。
3.不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常見(jiàn)的形容詞有:happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如:
— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat). —我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎?—沒(méi)關(guān)系,我很愿意。
4.不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí),常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:
He doesn't like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚,但過(guò)去喜歡。
五、動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略
1.主語(yǔ)部分有to do ,系動(dòng)詞 is 或 was 時(shí) ,作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。如:
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
2.作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語(yǔ),前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 do時(shí),不定式通常省去to. 如:
3.主語(yǔ)部分暗含to do,表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。如:
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上學(xué),努力學(xué)習(xí)。
4.當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí),其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略,但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。如:
It is easier to say than to do . 說(shuō)起來(lái)容易,做起來(lái)難。
5.在would rather…than… 等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)常常要省略. 如:
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to;why (not) do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如:
a) I saw her enter the room. 我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了房間
b) Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢?
六.其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1.名詞所有格修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過(guò)的事物時(shí),常?梢允÷。如:
We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我們?cè)诂旣惣疫^(guò)的周末。
2.What和 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,常可省略主語(yǔ) it 和be動(dòng)詞 如:
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 這對(duì)Tom來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)多么大的勝利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被當(dāng)作一個(gè)正常孩子對(duì)待對(duì)他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
省略句閱讀技巧
在英語(yǔ)的行文中,大家常常被其中的詞的省略造成的麻煩所困擾。其實(shí)這種困擾主要出自我們對(duì)其英文行文表達(dá)習(xí)慣和修辭手法的不了解。一般說(shuō)來(lái),英語(yǔ)文中的省略需遵守兩個(gè)原則:一是這個(gè)詞可有可無(wú),或者是多余的,總之就是少了它之后不會(huì)改變?cè)牡囊馑,二是省略的詞義已經(jīng)在上下文中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。這里舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子讓大家,先吃個(gè)開(kāi)胃餐:
Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.這句話的中文意思是獨(dú)自旅行的人,要是餓了、受傷了或者生病了,除了最近的小木屋或居民點(diǎn),常常無(wú)處求援。這個(gè)句子在if后面省略了he is,這是因?yàn)樵跁r(shí)間,地點(diǎn),條件,讓步,方式狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同(或?yàn)閕t),而從句的謂語(yǔ)又含有be(包括聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞be和助動(dòng)詞be),則可把主語(yǔ)+be省略掉。但要注意有一類句子和省略句有相似的地方,如:You must get out of the city, and that quickly.(你得出城,而且得快.)這樣的句子并不是省略句,因?yàn)楹笠痪渲杏衪hat代表了要表示的意思。
He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believe it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.
句子解析:在這句子由and連接的兩部分構(gòu)成,第一部分中although引導(dǎo)的其讓步作用的狀語(yǔ)從句將believes與其賓語(yǔ)部分分割開(kāi)來(lái),believe后面的賓語(yǔ)部分包括三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句,和后面and前的部分,需要注意的是這里用了the more…the more…的結(jié)構(gòu),其中第二個(gè)the more子句中,arrived at省略了have been,而第三個(gè)the more子句中包含了一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
句子翻譯:他相信,盡管他或許不知道自己相信,驗(yàn)證范圍越廣泛,試驗(yàn)做得越多且得出的結(jié)果相同,而且得出同一結(jié)果的條件越是多樣化,則最終的結(jié)論就越肯定無(wú)疑,他再也不對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題提出質(zhì)疑了。
What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology, or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world.
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