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2017雅思閱讀平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)難句分析
導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：同學(xué)們一般習(xí)慣于以詞為單位閱讀，所以遇到存在“生詞”的句子就無(wú)從下手了。其實(shí)閱讀的真正障礙并不在于“生詞”，而在于“難句”，因?yàn)殡y句即使每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)，只要“結(jié)構(gòu)”復(fù)雜，可能也讀不懂。反之，一旦能夠把握“結(jié)構(gòu)”，就可以忽略生詞，掌握大意，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“無(wú)詞閱讀”的境界。為此，yjbys小編特為大家分析雅思閱讀平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)難句，歡迎參考。
一、難句的構(gòu)成
英語(yǔ)的難句=主句+從句+短語(yǔ)，不同于漢語(yǔ)的句子全是簡(jiǎn)單句，沒(méi)有復(fù)雜句。如果把英語(yǔ)的難句比喻成大樹(shù)，那么主句相當(dāng)于樹(shù)干，從句相當(dāng)于樹(shù)枝，而短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于葉子。只要把握主句，就可理解大意。相比之下，漢語(yǔ)的句子就好比是竹子，一節(jié)一節(jié)的'。
因此，我們?cè)诶斫庥⒄Z(yǔ)難句的時(shí)候要學(xué)會(huì)“拆”——把復(fù)雜句拆成簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)理解。也就是說(shuō)，要學(xué)會(huì)抓住“樹(shù)干”，拆掉“枝葉”。
二、如何“拆”
任何句子都必須有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以找到一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就可以拆下來(lái)一個(gè)句子。因此，理解難句的基本步驟是：1)識(shí)別出有哪幾個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;2)找出主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，先理解主句;3)再去理解從句和短語(yǔ)。
三、符號(hào)說(shuō)明
1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用黑體的斜體字表示，例如：Everyone should know …。
2.從句的引導(dǎo)詞用方框表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located。
3.從句用橫線表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located，表示where引導(dǎo)的'從句。
4.插入語(yǔ)成分用括號(hào)表示，例如：Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between…
平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)難句列表
1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
4.Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.
5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
6.Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.
7.Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.
8. There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in winter.
9.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
10.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be ours.
11.More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.
12.The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work, and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.
13.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
14.We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.
15.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
難句分析：
1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為should know，其余兩個(gè)都是由where引導(dǎo)的并列賓語(yǔ)從句。本句可以拆分為：
1) Everyone should know.
2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located.
3) Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
翻譯：每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該知道最近的火災(zāi)報(bào)警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火門(mén)位于何處。
2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中第二個(gè)is influenced是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主干是The way is culturally influenced。第一個(gè)is used是定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但是該定語(yǔ)從句省略了引導(dǎo)詞。定語(yǔ)從句中三個(gè)并列的不定式短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities共同作為is used的目的狀語(yǔ)。本句可以拆分為：
1) The way is culturally influenced.
2) Space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities.
翻譯：怎樣利用空間來(lái)獲得個(gè)人隱私、建造家園以及設(shè)計(jì)城市都會(huì)受到文化的影響。
3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為wanted。was和thought分別屬于兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的并列賓語(yǔ)從句。而owed和was going為兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，共同主語(yǔ)為England。England這句話前面為了避免重復(fù)而省略了賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that，實(shí)際上是thought的賓語(yǔ)從句。本句可以拆分為：
1) I wanted her to know.
2) That my heart was with her.
3) That I thought.
4) (That) England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
翻譯：我想讓她知道我的心陪伴著她，而且我認(rèn)為英國(guó)欠了她一大筆債，很快就會(huì)想念她。
4.Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為may make，其主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)keeping your head。breaks out是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的'謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。插入語(yǔ)(instead of…)中的crowding和pushing兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞是平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)。本句可以拆分為：
1) Keeping your head may make the difference between life and death.
2) When fire breaks out.
翻譯：當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，保持頭腦冷靜，而不是向安全出口擁堵，能夠帶來(lái)生與死的不同結(jié)果。
5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有4個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為can convince，其主語(yǔ)為Neither friends nor family。其余三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全是convince的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中最后一個(gè)從句前面省略了that。拆分為：
1) Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people.
2) That most animals are harmless.
3) That thousands of travelers fly safely everyday.
4) (That) millions of people ride … each day.
翻譯：朋友及家庭成員都無(wú)法說(shuō)服恐懼癥患者，使其相信大多數(shù)動(dòng)物都無(wú)害，無(wú)數(shù)旅行者每天安全地飛行，上百萬(wàn)人每天都多次安全地乘坐電梯。
6.Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都是并列的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。三個(gè)并列的by…, by…, by…作為travel的方式狀語(yǔ)。本句可以拆分為：
1) Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile.
2) Millions of people drive to and from their places of work and their homes.
翻譯：上百萬(wàn)人乘坐火車(chē)、公交車(chē)或者小汽車(chē)在周游全國(guó)，或者開(kāi)車(chē)往返于工作地點(diǎn)和家庭處所之間。
7.Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have。here…there屬于平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，表示兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)比狀態(tài)，相當(dāng)于the one …, the other …。
翻譯：一方是一個(gè)沒(méi)有任何知識(shí)或者經(jīng)驗(yàn)的小孩，另一方是一個(gè)有著健全發(fā)展的智力的成年人。
8. There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in winter.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句只有一個(gè)there be句型。relay races和relay并列作為主語(yǔ)。本句可以拆分為：
1) There are relay races in running … in summer.
2) There are relay in skiing in winter.
翻譯：夏季有賽跑和游泳賽接力賽，冬季有滑雪比賽。
9.But we remember (with far greater pain) that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中remember是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，被(with far greater pain)分隔了兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句that we did not see…和that we failed to…。本句可以拆分為：
1) But we remember with far greater pain.
2) That we did not see that beauty.
3) When it flowered.
4) That we failed to respond with love.
5) When it was tendered.
翻譯：但是我們更加痛苦地回憶著，當(dāng)花兒開(kāi)放時(shí)我們沒(méi)有看到她的美麗，在別人給予我們愛(ài)的時(shí)候也沒(méi)有用愛(ài)來(lái)做出回報(bào)。
10.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire (with the full force of our passionate being) can be ours.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有6個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為is。think后面有兩個(gè)并列的由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，而第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句里面有一個(gè)由whatever引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。(with the full force of our passionate being)分隔了主語(yǔ)從句和其謂語(yǔ)can be。being是動(dòng)名詞。本句可以拆分為：
1) This is not an easy lesson to learn.
2) Especially when we are young and think.
3) That the world is ours to command.
4) That whatever we desire can be ours.
翻譯：這不是容易學(xué)會(huì)的一課，尤其是當(dāng)我們還年輕，認(rèn)為這個(gè)世界是由我們掌控，而且認(rèn)為無(wú)論我們渴望得到什么，只要充滿激情、全力以赴，就能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
11.More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為兩個(gè)并列的live。which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修suburban area;that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾villages，而what引導(dǎo)form的賓語(yǔ)從句�？梢圆鸱譃椋�
1) More than … people live in inner London.
2) And nearly five million people live in …area.
3) The area is made up of … villages.
4) The villages have merged to form.
5) What is now called outer London.
翻譯：三百多萬(wàn)人住在倫敦市區(qū)，將近五百多萬(wàn)人住在周邊郊區(qū)——該地區(qū)由以前分散的村莊組成，后來(lái)逐漸合并形成今天所謂的外部倫敦。
12.The journey and the stay are (by definition) outside the normal places of residence and work and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有三個(gè)并列的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。兩個(gè)are的共同主語(yǔ)是the journey and the stay。(by definition)分割了are和表語(yǔ)outside the normal places。nature在這里表示“本質(zhì)、性質(zhì)”的意思。本句可以拆分為：
1) The journey and the stay are outside the normal places of residence and work.
2) The journey and the stay are of short-term and temporary nature.
3) There is a clear intention to return home …
翻譯：(旅游中的)旅程和停留從定義上講是在通常的居住和工作處所之外的，而且有一種短暫的性質(zhì)。在短期之內(nèi)，還要有一個(gè)明確的回家的意圖。
13.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有3個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中第二個(gè)are focused是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。rather than意思是“而非”，其前后并列兩個(gè)on引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)。拆分為：
1) The limited investments are … focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills.
2) The investments are made in training workers.
3) The skills make it possible to absorb new technologies.
翻譯：用于培訓(xùn)工人的有限投資也被集中用在訓(xùn)練完成下一個(gè)工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技術(shù)的基本技能培訓(xùn)上。
14.We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有4個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為have tried，不定式to后面并列兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞isolate和offer。兩個(gè)of并列作為examples的后置定語(yǔ)。of some指代的是of some organizations。本句可以拆分為：
1) We have tried to isolate some of the key factors. and offer examples of organizations and of some.
2) Factors govern service quality.
3) Organizations manage service well.
4) Organizations manage it poorly.
翻譯：我們力圖挑選出一些控制服務(wù)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵因素，并且提供一些例子來(lái)說(shuō)明某些機(jī)構(gòu)把服務(wù)管理得很好，而有些卻很差。
15. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句只有2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have distinguished和have ensured。主干是Human beings have distinguished themselves … and … ensured their survival。by引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)后面并列了多個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式to observe and understand…/to adapt to…/to control and adapt it to…，作為ability的修飾成分。
翻譯：人類(lèi)已經(jīng)將自己與其他動(dòng)物區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)，并且通過(guò)這樣做來(lái)確保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通過(guò)觀察和理解周?chē)沫h(huán)境，然后適應(yīng)，控制并且改造該環(huán)境，使其適合自己需要的能力。
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