天壇雙語導(dǎo)游詞
下面是小編為大家?guī)淼奶靿p語導(dǎo)游詞，各位導(dǎo)游朋友們，歡迎大家借鑒!
天壇雙語導(dǎo)游詞
各位游客，我們今天所要參觀的就是以前皇帝祭天的地方——天壇。
明朝永樂皇帝遷都北京以后，在北京南城仿照南京的大祀殿建立了這作用于祭天的圣壇，占地面積達到了273萬平方米。
主建筑是大祀殿，也就是今天祈年殿的位置上。
天壇有外壇墻和內(nèi)壇墻，北面是圓形，南面是方形，取意天圓地方。
在一開始，祭天和祭地都是天壇，直到明嘉靖年間在北城修建了地壇，才分開的，并且新增了圜丘壇，用于孟冬祭天，把原來的大祀殿改為大享殿，專門用于孟春祈谷，當時殿宇屋頂已經(jīng)是三重檐了，從上至下的藍黃綠三色瓦分別代表了天地萬物。
而在乾隆年間，有將大享殿改為現(xiàn)在的祈年殿，而將屋頂瓦片都改成了藍色的琉璃瓦。
從而形成了今天我們所看到的這個世界上最大的祭天建筑群。
可是這樣一個祭天圣地，卻也曾經(jīng)在1860年時遭到英法聯(lián)軍的洗劫，繼而在1900年的時候又遭到了八國聯(lián)軍的蹂躪。
在1916年袁世凱登基的時候也曾經(jīng)在天壇上演了一出祭天的鬧劇。
在1918年，天壇最終還是以公園開放。
解放以后天壇不僅成了著名的旅游景點，而且還是北京城市綠地的組成部分，來這里的不光是旅游者，還不乏一些專門為了強身健體的老人們。
現(xiàn)在就讓我們沿著當年皇帝登壇的路線開始此次游覽。
說完了神壇的奇妙，我在給您介紹一下祭天大典的盛況。
到了每年的冬至，皇帝就要在這里祭天。
在大典前兩天，皇帝要在故宮里進行齋戒，而到了第三天，也就是冬至前一天，就要到天壇的齋宮進行齋戒。
冬至那天，在日出前七刻，現(xiàn)在的凌晨四點多，奏報時辰，皇帝起駕，齋宮東北角的鐘樓開始鳴鐘。
到具服臺盥洗更衣，神牌都送到臺面相應(yīng)的位置，也就是七組神位，稱作七幄;在圜丘前燔柴爐上放一只牛犢，用松枝燔燒，西南的望燈桿望燈高懸，點燃蟠龍通宵寶蠟，臺南廣場上排列著奏樂隊，配合著中和韶樂，在文武百官的陪同下，祭天大典就正式開始了，皇帝由南欞星左門登壇，這時鐘聲停止，到了第二層南側(cè)拜位站好后，聽候司贊人報儀程。
恭讀至皇天上帝的祝文。
禮儀結(jié)束以后，要將神位前的貢品分別送到燔柴爐(從正位幄次撤下的祭品再次焚燒，皇帝也要一旁恭立目視，稱為望燎)和燎爐(圜丘壇共有12座燎爐，在瘞坎北側(cè)，從東向西排列著8個;內(nèi)圍護墻東西欞星門外各有一對。
從配位幄次車下的祭品分別送到8個燎爐內(nèi)焚燒，而四個從位幄次的祭品送到欞星門處)焚燒，煙霧騰空，象征著送到天庭。
而后還要將牛尾、牛毛、牛血送到瘞坎掩埋，象征不忘祖先茹毛飲血之意。
在這個典禮上，需要特別提到的是皇帝恭讀祝文所站立的地方，就是剛才所說的臺面中心天心石。
他是天壇三大聲學現(xiàn)象之一。
在這里朗讀的時候聲音特別洪亮，而且現(xiàn)在這里也是一樣的，各位游客不妨體會一下這奇特的效果，也像當年的皇帝一樣，向上天訴說自己美好的愿望。
現(xiàn)在咱們繼續(xù)沿著中軸線行走，面前的.建筑叫做天庫，而它的正殿就是皇穹宇。
皇穹宇建于明嘉靖九年，起初叫做泰神殿，到了十七年，改名為現(xiàn)在的皇穹宇，它的作用就是在平日存放圜丘壇祭祀主神的地方，所以這里也叫圜丘壇寢宮。
殿內(nèi)正面的圓形石臺上安放的就是皇天上帝的神牌，而前邊兩側(cè)的四個方形石臺上安放的則是八位祖先神主，還有東西配殿用來存放從祀神位。
而皇穹宇三個字也分別代表了至高無上，天，宇宙的意思，更加顯示出它的神圣和至尊。
它是一座建筑藝術(shù)價值非常高的殿宇，總體呈圓形，下邊是高2.85米的圓形須彌座，為青白石筑成，有東南西三個方向的出陛，也就是臺階，而在南向出陛還有二龍戲珠的丹陛石。
上邊是藍色筒瓦單檐攢尖鎏金寶頂。
而在殿內(nèi)還有八根檐柱和八根金柱，大殿上架沒有橫梁承托，全都是靠各類斗拱層層上疊來支撐，步步收縮，從而形成了精美的穹隆圓頂。
這里邊還運用了物理學中的杠桿原理。
這組建筑不僅十分精美，而且還有回音壁和三音石，這和剛才我們說的天心石合稱天壇三大聲學現(xiàn)象。
回音壁就是皇穹宇的外墻，圍墻建造的磨磚對縫，十分的平滑，是很好的聲音載體，可以傳聲，在傳遞途中對聲音損失極小，只要對著墻說話，就算相隔四五十米，見不到面，都可以清晰的聽到對方說話。
而三音石則是皇穹宇大殿正前方的三塊石頭，您站在第一塊石頭上拍手可以聽到一次回音，第二塊石頭可以聽到兩次，而第三塊就可以聽到三次回音，所以稱為三音石。
在后來也有人把它叫做三才石，取天地人三才的意思。
也許您剛才就已經(jīng)注意到了，天壇有非常多的柏樹，不錯，它就好像北京一個天然的氧吧。
而在這許多古柏當中，有一株500余歲的檜柏，就是回音壁西墻外的這棵九龍柏。
它的樹干紋理非常的奇特，布滿了溝壑，而且旋轉(zhuǎn)扭曲，好像9條蟠龍纏繞嬉戲，所以叫它九龍柏真是一點也不過分。
謝謝大家，如有不妥之處，還望見諒。
(Inside the South Gate of the Temple of Heaven)
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Welcome to the temple of Heaven. (After self-introduction) preserved cultural heritages of China. There are basically two kinds of visitors who come here: local pensioners who do exercises here in the morning and evening and sightseers both from home and abroad. All in all ，there are 12 million visitors very year. Now we are going to go along the route that leads to the alter. It will take roughly one hour. Mind you ，the emperor also walked along this route to pay tribute to the God of Heaven.
(Along the Southern Sacred Road leading to the Circular Mound Altar)
The largest group of architectures ever to be dedicated to Heaven ，the Temple of Heaven served as an exclusive altar for Chinese monarchs during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was decreed that rulers of successive dynasties would place altars in their own capitals to worship Heaven and pray for good harvest. But why ?
The ancient Chinese believed that Heaven was the supreme ruler of the universe and the fate of mankind ，and thus worshiping rites dedicated to Heaven came into being.
The Heaven the ancient Chinese referred to was actually the Universe， or nature. In those days， there were specfic rites of worship. This was especially true during the Ming and Qing dynasties when elaborate ceremonies were held.
The Temple of Heaven was built in 1420 during the reign of Emperor Youngle of the Ming Dynasty. Situated in the southern part of the city ，this grand set of structures covers an area of 273 hectares. To better symbolize heaven and earth ，the northern part of the Temple is circular while the southern part is square .The whole compound is enclosed by two walls， a square wall outside a round one. The outer area is characterized by suburban scenery， while the inner part is used for sacrifices. The inner enclosure consists of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest and the Circular Mound Altar.
(Along the Imperial Passage leading from the Southern Lattice Star Gate in front of the Circular Mound Altar)
the Circular Mound Altar is enclosed by two walls ，each containing four groups of Southern Lattice Star Gate， each in turn consisting of three doors， with 24 marble doors altogether. Standing on the passage facing north， you will notice that with each pair of doors on is narrower than the other. This reflects the feudal hierarchy: the wider door was reserved for monarchs， while the narrower one was used by courtiers.
On the day of the ceremony ，the emperor would don his ritual costume and be ushered in by the official in charge of religious affairs. He ascended the three terraces in the forefront to pay tribute at the alter.
(Atop the Circular Mound Alter)
we are now on the top terrace of the
Altar， or the third terrace .Each terrace has a flight of 9 steps. At the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 steps. At the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 concentric rings of stone. The number of stones in the first ring is 9， in the second ，18， up to 81 in the 9th ring. Even the number of carved balustrades on these terraces is a multiplee of 9. But why?
According to ancient Chinese philosophy， yin and yang were two opposing factors. Heaven and the odd numbers belonged to yang while the Earth and even numbers belonged to yin. Nine was the largest heavenly number accessible to man . What is more， the ancient people also believed that heaven consisted of nine layers and that the emperor` s abode was on the uppermost tier.
Once more look at the round stone in the center. The upper terrace is nine zhang (a Chinese unit of length， one zhang equals 3.3 meters ) in circumference ，while the middle is 15 zhang， the lower， 21 zhang. Classified as yang numbers， the sum of these numerals is 45 zhang which was meant to symbolized success. What is more， by applying the concept of odd numbers and strengthening nine and its multiples， the concept of heaven was thus illustrated and realized . The concept of nine will also be mentioned when we visit some other buildings.
Now I will give you a brief account of what happened here annually on the Inter Solstice. The memorial tablet dedicated to Heaven would be set up on the north side of the terrace， while tablets dedicated to the emperor `s ancestors would be enshrined on the flanks. The service would begin around 4 o` clock in the morning. All of the lanterns would be lit .In the foreground， a sacrificial calf is being barbecued. On the square in front of the altar， the emperor， under heavy escort of nearly a thousand courtiers， princes of royal blood ，musicians， dancers and uniformed soldiers， would slowly ascend the altar to offer sacrifice and pray in honor of Heaven. When the service drew to a close ，the sacrifice offered in front of the memorial tablets would be incinerated .All of participants would watch the thick smoke rise upward as if they were seeing God off .Music and dancing would follow .In the end ，the emperor would return to the Forbidden City secure in the belief that he would be blessed and protected by Heaven until the next winter Solstice.
It is interesting to note that ，the stone in the very middle of the altar was of major importance ，since it was where the emperor used to stand to say his prayer. The stone ，which is known as the God`s heart Stone， is peculiar in that it is characterized by a specific acoustic phenomenon: it made the emperor` s voice clearer and louder， thus adding to the mystic atmosphere of the service .You can try this out by yourself. (Proceed northward to pass through the Lattice StarGate)
(In front of the Gate of glazed tiles)
this structure is known as Heaven` s Storehouse. It is entered through the Gate of glazed Tiles. The roofing ，beams， and brackets are all made of glazed tiles or bricks. This is the only structure of its kind in china today .
the Heaven` s Storehouse was where memorial tablets dedicated to the gods were kept. Douglas Hurd， a former British foreigh secretary ，once said ， “God attends to His affairs on the Cir4cular Mound Altar but stays here. ” Now let` s go in to to see it (Go through the left side door)
(In the courtyard of Heaven` s Storehouse)
this is the Imperial Vault of Heaven， the main structure of Heaven` s Storehouse. It was built in 1530 and is 17 meters in height and 19 meters in diameter. The structure feature blue roofs topped by a gilded ball ，and carved wooden doors and windows. It is decorated with colored paintings. Founded on a 3-meter-hign round marble terrace ，the building also features a gigantic carved marble ramp laid in the stone staircase leading up to the front entrance.. The ramp is carved in “Two dragons Playing with a pearl ” design in relief. We will enter the main hall by going up the stone staircase on the eastern side.
(On the marble terrace of the main hall)
the arch of the hall is buttressed by 16 giant pillars on two rings. On top of the pillars there are gilt brackets supporting a circular caisson ，or covered ceiling .The ceiling is characterized by a golden coiling dragon design. The 8 pillar of the inner ring are painted scarlet and decorated with golden lotuses.
To the north of the hall there is a marble pedestal. Atop it ，up a wooden flight of 9 steps， is where the major tablet dedicate to Heaven was enshrined. On each flank four tablets are enshrined in honor of the ancestors of the Qing emperors. In the annex hall in hornor of the ancestors of the Qing emperors. In the annex halls in the courtyard， there are tablets dedicated to the deities of the sun， moon ，constellation， cloud ，rain， wind and thunder.
(Echo Wall and Triple –sound Stones)
Aside from exquisitely laid out architectures， Heaven` s Storehouse is also famous for two structures with peculiar acoustic features， i. E. the Echo Wall and the Triple- Sound Stone. A mere whisper at any point close to the wall can be heard clearly on the other side， although the parties may be 40 or 50 meters apart. This is possible because the wall is round and hermetically constructed with smooth ，solid bricks.
In front of the steps leading away from the halls is the Triple Sound Stone. If you stand on the first stone and call out or clap your hands， the sound will echo once; on the second stone， the sound will be heard twice; and on the third stone， the sound will repeat three times. Hence the name. (Go out through the right door and stroll along the circular path nor thward)
(Nine-Dragon Cypress)
the Temple of Heaven is also famous for its cypress trees-there are more than 60，000 cypress trees in all ，among which over 4，000 are more than one hundred years old ，adding to the solemn atmosphere of the temple .This tall cypress was planted more than 500 years ago. Its thick branches and twisting trunk resembling nine coiling playful dragons; thus it is known as the Nine-Dragon cypress. It is said that this tree was here to welcome the monarchs. Now it is here to welcome visitor from all over the world.
(In the south of Chengzhen Gate)
now we are back again on the Central Axis. This brick-arched gate is known as Chengzhen (Adopting Fidelity) .This gate is the northern gate of the Circular Mound Altar and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest is situated at the extreme end of the axis. It was used by the emperor in the first month of every lunar year for services dedicated to good harvest.
(On the Red Stairway Bridge)
entering the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest， we set foot on a raised passage 360 meters long， which the emperor also took to proceed to the hall. This broad north-south walkway， called Danbiqiao (Red Stairway bridge)， connects the two sets of main building in the Temple of Heaven and constitutes a single axis.
The passage is divided into left， control and right paths by the cross arrangement of slabs. The central and the widest path is known as Heavenly Thoroughfare ， which was reserved exclusively for God; nobody， including the emperor， was allowed to set foot onto it . The emperor used the path on the east ，which is known as the Imperial Walk. The ministers and princes used the one on the west .Interesting enough ，there is no walkway left for ordinary people. This is because the Temple of Heaven used to be off-limits to them.
Contrary to appearances， this walkway is not a bridge at all . But how so ? This road is 4 meters above the ground and there is a cavern underneath that was reserved for sacrificial oxen and sheep. The cattle were slaughtered at a slaughterhouse about 500 meters away and brought here for sacrifice. All in all ，it can be said this walkway did serve as bridge and can be looked upon as the first cloverleaf in Beijing.
Looking back at the thoroughfare， you may realize that this walk is gaining height toward its northern end. As people approach the architectural group of the Hall of Prayer for good Harvest， the flanking groves of cypress recede and perspective widens. Here you are in Heaven.
(Costume-Changing Terrace)
the marble terrace up ahead is called jufutai， or CostumeChanging Terrace. It is located to the east of the Red Stairway Bridge and covers a space of 25 square meters .IT has marble Slab balustrades. The day before the service ，officials in charge would put up a yellow satin tent on the terrace for the emperor to change out of his yellow dragon robe into blue ceremonial clothes. After the service， the emperor would return to the tentand change back into his imperial robe before returning to the palace. (Proceed to the South Gate of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest)
(At the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvest)
this structure is called the Gate of Pray for Good Harvest. We can catch a slight glimpse of the central building ，the Hall of Prayer for Good harvest， though the colonnade of the Gate. A gigantic and lofty group of buildings， the complex includes the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvest， the hall of prayer for good harvest， eastern and western annex halls ，the Huanqian (Imperial heaven) Long corridor， Heaven Kitchen， slaughterhouse， etc.
the annex halls were symmetrically built on a 1.5-meter-hignbrick-and-marble terrace ，to set off the loftiness and magnificence of the main hall .This unique building ，38 meters in height， is characterized by a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a top that is crowned by a gilt ball. The roofing is made of blue glazed tiles， the color of the sky .Underneath the roof， the beams and bracket are decorated with colored paintings. The base of the structure is a triple-tiered， circular marble terrace. At a distance， the terrace looks like a gigantic， spiraling cloud with the structure perched on top of it .
Today the hall of prayer for good harvest is the hallmark of Beijing， which enjoys a prolonged history of civilization.
(At the base of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest)
The base of the hall is a triple-tiered， circular marble terrace， which is 90 meters in diameter and 6 meters in height ，covering a space of 4，000 square meters. Meticulous accuracy was given to the layout of the structure. In the middle of each three-tiered flight of stairs， there is a giant marble ramp carved in cloud， dragon and phoenix designs. To set off the ramps， the top of the balustrades and downpipes are designed with corresponding floral scrolls. In southern part of each tier， a gigantic bronze incense burner is placed. Sandalwood was burnt in them when rites were observed.
(In front of the hall of Prayer for good harvest)
climbing up this marble terrace， we see the main hall ，a masterpiece of ancient China. Looking up you will see the caisson， or covered ceiling， characterized by complex designs of dragons and phoenixes. In and out ， the hall is decorated with colored drawing of dragons and phoenixes.
Without the use of steel ，cement and nail， and even without the use of big beams and crossbeams， the entire structure is supported by 28 massive wooden pillars and number of bars， laths， joints and rafters. The four central pillars， called the dragon-Well Pillars， are 19.2 meters high and painted with designs of composite followers， representing the four season. There are two rings of 12 scarlet pillars each. The inner ring represents the 12 months and the outer rings the 12 divisions of the day and night .Between the two rings there are 24 partitioned spaces to mark the solar terms of the Chinese lunar year. The pillars， 28 in number， also represent the 28 constellations in the universe- the ancient Chinese believed that there were 28 constellations that made up the sky.
The center of the stone-paved floor is a round marble slab， which is 88.5 centimeters in diameter. Interestingly， the slab features natural black and white veins， corresponding to the dragon-phoenix design on the ceiling. This particular slab is known as the Dragon-phoenix stone and is regarded as a treasure inseparable from the hall.
The furnishings within the hall are placed in their original positions dating back to when Emperor Xianfeng ruled .In the forefront and above the throne are enshrined tablets in commemoration of Heaven. On either table on each side tablets of the emperor` s ancestors were placed. Each tablet is fronted by an altar. A total of 24 kinds of offering were made on it ，including soup， wine， assorted cereals， and a calf.
The sacrificial rites were observed in the wee hours of the morning， sometime in the first month of the Chinese lunar year. Because it was still dark， candles， lanterns and torches were lit. This lighting coupled with the incense being burnt inside the hall ，helped make the ceremony both grand and mystical.
By the time the service began，207 musicians and dancers would be performing on platforms outside the hall. The emperor， in his blue sacrificial robe and with an air of piety and sincerity， would walk slowly into the hall， kowtow， and offer wine and prayer in hornor of the deities and his ancestors. All of the offerings would then be taken to incinerators on the eastern side of the gate of prayer for Good Harvest. With this we conclude our visit to the Temper of Heaven. The feudal monarchs and their sacrificial rites have long vanished in history .However， this group of magnificent and lofty structures remain as a fine testament of the ancient Chinese` s ingenuity and as one of the cultural heritages of mankind.
(On the Long Corridor)
From the Eastern Gate of the hall of prayer for good harvest， we have now enter a 300-meter-long corridor. Consisting of 72 sections， this corridor served as a connecting building between the Slaughterhouse. Heaven Kitchen， and the main hall ，It is said that this once served as a sacrificial food production line. Flanking the corridor are shopping stalls. You may find some souvenirs for your family and friend there.
Well ，that is all for this tour. Thank you for your attention. I look forward to your next visit. Good luck and bon voyage.
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