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蘇州英文導(dǎo)游詞范文
蘇州英文導(dǎo)游詞范文一
Gold Chang in northwest area is located in suzhou city, the ancient city, east moat outside the east coast and cross yanghe, east and at pingkiang area adjacent; West to the grand canal west world, and suzhou high new technical industrial zone river; South bridge across the river in small day, three road, tung many in the east coast and double river and is bounded canglang; North to central triangle mouth the water surface, the borders of the city.
Gold Chang area of the tourism resources, huqiu, hanshan temple, lingering garden, west park and so on historical and cultural relics is the pride of suzhou. "Swim in suzhou and not swim huqiu, but pity." Is the symbol of the ancient city of suzhou huqiu tower is famous world culture heritage, the annual traditional temple fair and huqiu show attracted millions of Chinese and foreign tourists. Is located in the ancient city in the west of the hanshan temple with a poetry of the present paper arrives at an inter pretation "and famous, each ring, people always want to hanshan temple
Suzhou belongs to north subtropical monsoon climate, the spring and autumn season for travel.
In October 1955, suzhou city, the city name change, west renamed Chang zone of gold. In August 1956, the area before the view (the former central) revoked, the area, respectively, into the north tower area (north) peace river area (east). In July 1958, revocation of the north tower area, the area of peach dock, Chang door and changchun street office Chang area (most) into gold. Founded in November the same year, the city people's communes, a district social unity. In July 1960, suzhou city, the original three area is adjusted for six, gold Chang area in two, set up two gold Chang, peach dock area (communes). In July 1962, suzhou cancel each urban commune system. In March 1963, restore to establish three city, peach dock area withdraw into gold Chang area. Gold Chang area during the "cultural revolution" was renamed yan 'an area. On June 9, 1980, approved by jiangsu province people's government: suzhou yanan area changed its name to gold Chang area. On September 1, 2012, suzhou city held a press conference, announced the cancellation of suzhou canglang, at pingkiang area, gold Chang area, set up in suzhou gusu area, with the original canglang, at pingkiang area, gold Chang area administrative areas for administrative areas in gusu area.
蘇州英文導(dǎo)游詞范文二
Canglang district is located in the central and southern China's historical and cultural city of suzhou, suzhou Singapore industrial park in the east, west of suzhou high-tech industrial development zone, named after the deep in the song dynasty famous surging waves pavilion. Is the center of the education, culture, science, travel in suzhou, and suzhou city's oldest and one of the central city of the most abundant cultural accumulation.
Have "canglang pavilion of surging waves" is located in the south of three yuan fang, is the oldest in suzhou gardens, the beginning of five Surging waves pavilion generation of the son of the king of wu yue money Liu money yuan 璙 pool pavilion, a famous poet Su Shunqin by four guan money bought the garden waste, to build, alongside water pavilion, title "of surging waves", since the number of surging waves weng, and the surging wave pavilion ". Ouyang xiu was invited as the surging waves pavilion long poem, the poem to "cool breeze bright moon is priceless, it's a pity that only sell forty thousand money" fude. Since then, the garden to people, "surging waves pavilion" reputation DaZhu. Now as the national key cultural relics protection unit. . The "master of the nets garden" is located in the city bridge south rich family head with lane. Beginning for the southern song dynasty official department assistant minister Shi Zhengzhi in chunxi years (1174-1189) built "rolls of hall", implement "fishing" Cain said. Because there is "siforrestwang lane" near, harmonic its sound YuYu implicit meaning, "master of the nets garden". As a national key cultural relics protection units. In suzhou "pan gate three scene" is "pan gate" in the southwest of the water gate, across the canal "wu gate bridge", in the flow of the shadow of the "temple tower of the", by doing a grand canal, the three links scene together, become the area of the ancient city of suzhou.
Canglang moderate and moist climate, abundant rainfall, all the year round, the four seasons all appropriate tourism, especially in the 4 - best in October. In the meantime, can appreciate TaoGongLiuLu natural scenery, but also taste the fresh peach, "biluochun", sugar, lotus root, such as seasonal specialties.
Suzhou dialect, which is also called wu, is famous in the history, the so-called "soft suchou dialect language". Canglang as a region of suzhou, dialect and Zhou Lin at pingkiang, gold Chang regions such as basically the same. In the suzhou zhijun, and districts have been detailed and not repeat. Only ranked below will Wu Yuzhong related characteristics. Suzhou dialect commonly known as "forever is mine." Suzhou people claim to be "suzhou gossip". Its biggest characteristic is "soft", it sounds "" delicious, so that some outsiders" willing with suzhou people scold "listen to very tasty" gossip "in suzhou.
蘇州英文導(dǎo)游詞范文三
District is located in the suzhou's old city on the west side, the beijing-hangzhou grand canal in the east, south, wuzhong district, suzhou city in the north, the west lake. With a long history, rich in tourism resources.
Suzhou high-tech zone, district world famous historical and cultural city of suzhou's old city in the east, west thirty-six thousand pour wide of taihu lake, south and dozens of jiangnan lush rolling hillsides is an organic whole repeatedly, the existing shek wu scenic spot, dongting mountain scenic resort, day spirit and fengqiao hanshan temple, huqiu scenic area around around, fengqiao street west white horse ecology garden in suzhou high-tech zone, and is an important part of tourist area in the west and suzhou covers an area of 7 square kilometers, is the high-tech zone of a piece of original "green lung". Area to celebrities.of goes back to ancient times, accumulate rich, have "Jiang Feng gu", "hanshan bell" and other historical and cultural heritage and "jinshan stone", "town lake embroidery" traditional process, and built the first batch of provincial-level cultural relics protection unit of the southern song dynasty, "stone Buddha", built during Ming wanli period of the municipal cultural relics protection unit "it daoyuan temple" and the municipal cultural relics protection units built in the qing emperor qianlong years "three mile pavilion", is a collection of jiangnan landscape beautiful and gentle in wu culture in the integration of "land".
District of the four seasons all appropriate travel. District belongs to subtropical monsoon Marine climate, in the spring and autumn period and the short, long summer and winter, distinct seasons; Mild climate humid throughout the year; The annual average temperature 17.7 ℃; The annual average relative humidity of 80%; An average annual rainfall 1099.6 mm.
Suzhou huqiu district was established in 1951, at that time, said the suburbs, is composed of into wuxian city east and west districts, on September 8, 2000 changed its name to approved district, governs transverse pond, huqiu, HuShuGuan three towns and sunlit baiyang, HuShuGuan bay street economic development zone. In September 2002, suzhou municipal party committee, the municipal government of new district, district wuzhong district, suzhou city, such as the zoning adjustment, the district town and huqiu sunlit baiyang bay street, and part of the village of cross town, wuzhong district by the city and delimit Ann town and lake town, town street east, suzhou high-tech zone, the district is established. Has a long history in the region to celebrities.of, accumulate rich, have "jinshan stone", "town lake embroidery", etc. The traditional process.
蘇州拙政園導(dǎo)游詞
拙政園是我國(guó)"四大名園"之一。1961年3月4日國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的第一批全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位名單中,屬于園林方面的有四處:拙政園、頤和園、避暑山莊、留園。其中兩處在北方,是我國(guó)皇家園林的代表作品;兩處在蘇州,是我國(guó)私家園林的代表作品。
拙政園之所以有這么高的知名度,其中主要有兩個(gè)原因。一個(gè)原因是,拙政園是我國(guó)民族文化遺產(chǎn)中的瑰寶,是江南古典園林中的佳作,其布局設(shè)計(jì)、建筑造型、書(shū)畫(huà)雕塑、花木園藝等方面都有獨(dú)到之處,被譽(yù)為"天下園林之母"。另一個(gè)原因是,拙政園曾為許多在歷史舞臺(tái)上叱咤風(fēng)云的人物提供了活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。其中,有江南文豪錢(qián)牧齋和愛(ài)妾柳如是;有明末御史、刑部侍郎王心一;有清初海寧籍弘文院大學(xué)士、禮部尚書(shū)陳之遴;有平西王吳三桂的女兒、女婿;有太平天國(guó)忠王李秀成;有江蘇巡撫李鴻章和張之萬(wàn)。辛亥革命后江蘇都督程德全通告全省,在園內(nèi)召開(kāi)江蘇臨時(shí)省議會(huì);抗戰(zhàn)勝利后,愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人柳亞子在園內(nèi)辦過(guò)"社會(huì)教育學(xué)院"。相傳,康熙年間,《紅樓夢(mèng)》作者曹雪芹的祖父曹寅擔(dān)任蘇州織造,織造衙門(mén)設(shè)在葑門(mén),而家眷住在拙政園內(nèi)。曹寅升遷江寧織造時(shí),推薦內(nèi)弟李煦接替,家眷住在園內(nèi)達(dá)二三十年之久。
現(xiàn)在,我們可以看到,在高高的清水磚砌墻門(mén)的正門(mén)上方有磚雕貼金的門(mén)額"拙政園"三個(gè)。拙政園始建于明代正德四年(15XX年)。御史王獻(xiàn)臣(敬止,號(hào)槐雨)因官場(chǎng)失意而還鄉(xiāng),以大弘寺址拓建為園,園內(nèi)亭臺(tái)樓閣,小橋流水,古木參天。拙政園的園名是據(jù)西晉潘岳的《閑居賦》中"此亦拙者之為政也"之句縮寫(xiě)而成的。根據(jù)蘇州市園林管理局提供的資料,王獻(xiàn)臣于明代弘治六年(1493年)中進(jìn)士,升為御史,但仕途不順利,曾兩次被東廠緝事誣陷,動(dòng)過(guò)刑,下過(guò)獄,被貶為廣東驛丞,后任永嘉知縣,罷官后居家,心里的痛楚無(wú)法言表。他對(duì)文征明講:"昔潘岳氏仕宦不達(dá),故筑室種樹(shù),灌國(guó)鬻蔬,曰:’此亦拙者之為政也’!醿H以一郡倘?退林下,其為政殆有拙于岳者,園所以識(shí)也。"意思是說(shuō),我之所以要起"拙政園"這個(gè)名,就是要像潘岳一樣隱退于林泉之下,要像陶淵明一樣守拙歸田園。這個(gè)園名,反映了王獻(xiàn)臣當(dāng)時(shí)那種既無(wú)可奈何,又想自我解嘲的復(fù)雜心態(tài)。
經(jīng)過(guò)拙政園的墻門(mén)和"通幽""入勝" 腰門(mén),我們就來(lái)到了拙政園的東部。東部花園的南部有一座三開(kāi)間的堂屋,名為"蘭雪堂"。"蘭雪"兩出自李白"春風(fēng)灑蘭雪"之句,象征著主人瀟灑如春風(fēng),潔凈如蘭雪的高尚情操。中間屏門(mén)上有一幅漆雕畫(huà),是拙政園的全景圖。從圖上看,拙政園為三個(gè)部分:東部,曾取名為"歸田園居",以田園風(fēng)光為主;中部,也稱(chēng)為"復(fù)園",以池島假山取勝,是拙政園的精華所在;西部,也稱(chēng)為"補(bǔ)園",園內(nèi)建筑物大都建成于清代,其建筑風(fēng)格明顯有別于東部和中部。從圖上看,拙政園沒(méi)有明顯的中軸線(xiàn),沒(méi)有傳統(tǒng)的對(duì)稱(chēng)格局,大都是因地制宜,錯(cuò)落有致,疏朗開(kāi)闊,近乎自然,是蘇州諸多園林中布局最為成功的范例。
走出"蘭雪堂",迎面看到一座假山,青翠的竹叢和古樹(shù),簇?fù)碇蛔薮蟮氖,狀如云朵,巋然兀立,西側(cè)有兩塊形狀怪異的湖石,兩石中間夾著一條羊腸小道。中間這座石峰叫做"綴云峰",像一個(gè)巨大的屏風(fēng),擋住來(lái)賓們的視線(xiàn),這種"開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山"的造園手法,被稱(chēng)作為"障景",起著引人入勝的作用。許多人來(lái)到這里,都有一種"似曾相識(shí)"的感覺(jué)。這是因?yàn)樵S多來(lái)賓都看過(guò)中國(guó)古典文學(xué)巨著《紅樓夢(mèng)》,書(shū)中描寫(xiě)的大觀園進(jìn)門(mén)處的假山,同這座假山極為相似!都t樓夢(mèng)》第十七回《大觀園試才題對(duì)額,榮國(guó)府歸省慶元宵》中有這樣一段故事:賈政父子進(jìn)大觀園題景,開(kāi)門(mén)進(jìn)去,只見(jiàn)一帶翠幢擋在面前。眾清客都道:"好山,好山! "賈政道:"非此一山,一進(jìn)來(lái)園中所有之景悉入目中,更有何趣?"……往前一望,見(jiàn)白石??,或如鬼怪,或似猛獸,縱橫拱立。上面苔蘚斑駁,或藤蘿掩映,其中微露羊腸小徑。這段描寫(xiě),用在這里非常貼切,可能是偶然的巧合。然而,兩園類(lèi)似的情況還有許多。
過(guò)了假山,來(lái)賓們看到的是拙政園的東部主要景色。明代崇禎年間,刑部侍郎王心一買(mǎi)下東部后,建造"歸田園居"。園內(nèi)有山島、荷池、松岡、竹塢,好一派田園風(fēng)光。這一部分的主要建筑物,除了"蘭雪堂"外,還有"秫香館"、"天泉閣"、"芙蓉榭"等。
" 芙蓉榭",就是建筑在荷花池邊上的水榭。榭,是蘇州園林建筑中的一種類(lèi)型,造型輕巧,建在水邊或高坡上,下面架空或半架空。芙蓉,有木芙蓉和水芙蓉。木芙蓉是一種變色花,早晨朝霞初現(xiàn)時(shí)是淡紅色,中午陽(yáng)光直射時(shí)變成紫紅色,傍晚夕陽(yáng)西下時(shí)又變成粉紅色,甚為珍貴。水芙蓉,是指荷花或蓮花。毛澤東主席詩(shī)詞 中 "芙蓉國(guó)里盡朝暉",指的是水芙蓉。"芙蓉榭"的正面一池荷花,背后是一堵高墻,一邊開(kāi)闊、一邊封閉的強(qiáng)烈反差,恰如其分地烘托了寧?kù)o的氣氛。加拿大溫哥華"逸園"中的水榭,就參照了這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì),前面是一泓池水,后面是一堵高墻,很有蘇州古典園林的味道。如果您走到芙蓉榭的門(mén)前向西面看,可以見(jiàn)到這個(gè)水榭進(jìn)門(mén)的門(mén)框上裝了一個(gè)雕花的圓光罩,透過(guò)這個(gè)圓光罩可以看到前面的小橋流水,猶如一幅鑲嵌在圓形鏡框里的油畫(huà)。如果您走過(guò)去再看看仔細(xì),又可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)水榭臨水的門(mén)框上裝了一個(gè)雕花的長(zhǎng)方形落地罩,前面的河水曲折婉蜒,兩岸桃紅柳綠,把人引入了一種寧?kù)o安謐、淳樸自然的境界中去。這是蘇州園林中一種比較常見(jiàn)的造景手法,叫做"框景"。園主想通過(guò)這種手法,把來(lái)賓們的視線(xiàn)集中到最佳角度,以達(dá)到令人滿(mǎn)意的效果。
" 天泉閣",矗立在一片翠綠的草坪上,攢尖戧角,重檐八面,在藍(lán)天白云下顯得格外醒目。相傳,這里原來(lái)是元代大弘寺的遺址。筑園時(shí),在寺井上造了"天泉閣 "。這座建筑物,從外面看似乎是兩層,在里邊看卻只有一層。欣賞蘇州園林里的建筑物,高的樓閣要仰視。如果您站在"天泉閣"的戧角下,凝視飄動(dòng)的`浮云,您似乎感到樓閣正在藍(lán)天中翱翔。這就是蘇州園林建筑物上大都建有戧角的奧秘。這些戧角,除了有利于采光和通風(fēng)外,主要是增加了動(dòng)感和美感,成了蘇州建筑的地方特色之一。
"秫香館",顧名思義,就是觀賞稻麥飄香的地方。明代"歸田園居"的主人在園林內(nèi)造有秫香樓,"樓可四望,每當(dāng)夏秋之交,家田種秫,皆在望中。"現(xiàn)在見(jiàn)到的"秫香館",其主體建筑是60年代重修拙政園時(shí)從東山搬遷而來(lái),體型偏大,與原景略有不同。
值得一提的是,西南角樟樹(shù)旁,有一處池島假山小品。這座湖石假山上頂著一塊大石頭,外形很像一只翻底待修的小木船。前面湖面開(kāi)闊,四周灌木叢生,不遠(yuǎn)處有幾株蘆葦,正像太湖邊上一個(gè)小小的港灣。古代蘇州園林的園主,有的是朝廷大臣,有的是封疆大吏,有的是外放州縣,也曾經(jīng)"安邦濟(jì)世",勞碌了一陣子,因?yàn)榉N種原因卸任還鄉(xiāng),在遠(yuǎn)離京都的蘇州,他們找到了安靜的"港灣"。這里風(fēng)俗清雅,物產(chǎn)豐富,既可以享盡清福,又可以避開(kāi)政敵,成了達(dá)官貴人隱退后選擇的最佳地點(diǎn)。正是由于這個(gè)原因,他們對(duì)佛教的"空無(wú)學(xué)說(shuō)"、道教的"出世思想"、儒家的"隱逸主張"特別欣賞,就以"避世、淡泊"為主題,營(yíng)造山林野趣,想在獨(dú)立的小天地里實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的人格理想。正所謂,"扁舟一葉,浪跡天涯,人跡罕至,方為我家"。
拙政園東部和中部,是用一條長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的復(fù)廊隔開(kāi)的。走廊的墻壁上開(kāi)有25個(gè)漏窗,就像精雕細(xì)作的剪紙圖案,鑲嵌在長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的畫(huà)軸上面。人們信步走在游廊里,隨著漏窗花紋的更換,園內(nèi)的景色也在不斷地變幻。這種現(xiàn)象,稱(chēng)作"移步換景"。如果您再仔細(xì)看一看,漏窗上不同的圖案,所表現(xiàn)的都是水波紋和冰棱紋,池中歡快的漣漪疊印在窗上凝固的波紋上,更加渲染了蘇州水文化的氛圍! 當(dāng)我們打開(kāi)復(fù)廊里的黑漆大門(mén),就來(lái)到了中部花園。來(lái)賓們站在倚虹軒旁,向西眺望時(shí),大家的第一印象應(yīng)該是,這里池面寬廣,景色秀麗。細(xì)心的朋友們還可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在亭臺(tái)樓閣之旁,在小橋流水之上,在古樹(shù)花木之間,屹立著一座寶塔,給人以一種"庭院深深深幾許"的感覺(jué)。這一借景手法,運(yùn)用得很成功,園主確實(shí)是費(fèi)盡了心機(jī)。因?yàn)橹胁炕▓@東西長(zhǎng),南北窄,有一種壓抑感,于是園主利用低洼的地勢(shì)鑿池疊山。用假山遮住兩邊的圍墻,而池面上留出了大量的空間,使人感到開(kāi)闊而深遠(yuǎn)。中部花園里的建筑物,大小不同,形狀各異,高低錯(cuò)落,疏密有致。每一個(gè)建筑物都是一個(gè)極佳的觀景點(diǎn),而每一個(gè)建筑物也都是景點(diǎn)的重要組成部分。
拙政園的中部花園大致可以分為三個(gè)景區(qū)。來(lái)賓們通過(guò)游覽三個(gè)各具特色的景區(qū),游興可逐步達(dá)到高潮。 第一個(gè)景區(qū),以池島假山為主,包括假山山堍的"梧竹的居",假山山頂?shù)?quot;待霜"亭和"雪香云蔚"等景點(diǎn)。池島假山,也稱(chēng)為水陸假山,是中部的主體假山。這 "一池三島"基本上是蘇州假山的傳統(tǒng)格局,其要領(lǐng)是:"池岸曲折,水繞山轉(zhuǎn)"。這座假山設(shè)計(jì)極佳,確實(shí)是"大手筆",完全符合我國(guó)山水畫(huà)的傳統(tǒng)技法。從東面看,一山高過(guò)一山;從南面看,一山連接一山;從西面看,一山壓倒眾山。用繪畫(huà)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)講,分別是"深遠(yuǎn)山水""平遠(yuǎn)山水""高遠(yuǎn)山水",表達(dá)的是宋代蘇東坡詩(shī)中"橫看成嶺側(cè)成峰,遠(yuǎn)近高低各不同"的意境。
下面,我們先來(lái)觀賞 "梧竹幽居"。"梧竹幽居",俗稱(chēng)"月到風(fēng)來(lái)亭",位于中部花園的最東面,同"倚虹亭"相鄰。"倚虹亭"是因?yàn)榭吭谛嗡崎L(zhǎng)虹的復(fù)廊上而得名。"梧竹幽居" 造型非常別致,四個(gè)大大的圓洞門(mén)使人馬上聯(lián)想起八月十五晚上的月亮。如果您站在亭子里向外看,這四個(gè)圓洞門(mén)又恰似四個(gè)巨大的鏡框,鑲嵌著蘇州園林一年四季的風(fēng)光。南面桃紅柳綠,西面嫩荷吐尖,北面梧桐秋雨,東面梅花怒放。亭內(nèi)有"梧竹幽居"的楹額。梧桐,是圣潔高昂的樹(shù);翠竹,是剛?cè)嶂伊x之物。正所謂:" 家有梧桐樹(shù),何愁鳳不至。"兩旁有一副對(duì)聯(lián) :"爽借清風(fēng)明借月,動(dòng)觀流水靜觀山。"慢慢品味,細(xì)細(xì)咀嚼,眼前似乎出現(xiàn)了兩幅山水圖畫(huà):一幅是皓月當(dāng)空,夜色朦朧,清風(fēng)徐來(lái),沁人肺腑;另一幅是陽(yáng)光明媚,鳥(niǎo)語(yǔ)花香,心動(dòng)水動(dòng),心靜山靜。用心琢磨一下園主此時(shí)此刻的心境,大概同張大千講的"心似閑蛩無(wú)一事,細(xì)看貝葉立多時(shí)",有著異曲同工之妙。如果有的來(lái)賓讀過(guò)孔子《論語(yǔ)》,看了這副對(duì)聯(lián),可能有另外一種心得?鬃又v:"智者樂(lè)水,仁者樂(lè)山。智者動(dòng),仁者靜。知者樂(lè),仁者壽。"那么,是否可以講,這副對(duì)聯(lián)的上聯(lián)是用清風(fēng)明月來(lái)描繪自然風(fēng)光的無(wú)限美好,下聯(lián)是用樂(lè)山樂(lè)水來(lái)揭示旅游觀光對(duì)陶冶情操的作用。只有到了這個(gè)時(shí)候,來(lái)賓們才會(huì)逐步領(lǐng)悟到蘇州古典園林既要模擬自然山水之美景,以達(dá)到"悅耳悅目"的藝術(shù)效果,更重要的是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造詩(shī)情畫(huà)意的韻味,以追求"悅心悅意 "的心理感覺(jué),再升華到"悅志悅神"的精神享受。如果您作會(huì)到了這種韻味,那么您就開(kāi)始入門(mén)了。
當(dāng)我們跨過(guò)九曲石板橋,沿著彎彎曲曲的山間小道緩步登山時(shí),迎面見(jiàn)到的是"待霜"亭。"待霜"出自唐代蘇州刺史韋應(yīng)物"書(shū)后欲題三百顆,洞庭須待滿(mǎn)林霜"的詩(shī)句,里行間透出了一股霜濃橘紅的山野氣息和泥土芳香! 我們穿過(guò)叢林,越過(guò)小溪,步上石階,就來(lái)到了"雪香云蔚亭"。它位于島的中央制高點(diǎn)。在這里向周?chē)送,覺(jué)得中部花園像一幅蒼勁古樸畫(huà)卷,展現(xiàn)在我們的面前。在這幅畫(huà)軸上,有高有低,有近有遠(yuǎn),有大有小,有寬有窄,有疏有密,有鬧有靜。"雪香云蔚亭"還有"山花野鳥(niǎo)之間"的楹額和"蟬噪林愈靜;鳥(niǎo)鳴山更幽 "的對(duì)聯(lián)。如果坐在這里歇歇腳,看看景,靜靜心,真有點(diǎn)超塵脫凡的感覺(jué),自己的身心已經(jīng)同大自然完全融合起來(lái)了!缎〕枪适隆犯柙~中有一句"看似一幅畫(huà),聽(tīng)像一首歌",用在蘇州拙政園里真是恰如其分。是否可以說(shuō),"山花野鳥(niǎo)之間"是對(duì)蘇州古典園林的"天人合一""順應(yīng)自然"的哲學(xué)思想和"咫尺山林""小中見(jiàn)大"的審美觀念,最通俗、最絕妙的注解。
當(dāng)來(lái)賓們?cè)诘谝痪皡^(qū)游覽,游興到達(dá)高潮時(shí),園主又及時(shí)將我們的注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了另一個(gè)角度,從山上移到了池塘。這就是中部花園的第二個(gè)景區(qū)。第二個(gè)景區(qū)是以荷花池水為中心,圍繞水面有" 荷風(fēng)四面""香洲""見(jiàn)山樓""小飛虹""小滄浪""倚玉軒""遠(yuǎn)香堂"等景點(diǎn)。
湖中島上有"荷風(fēng)四面亭",這里四面環(huán)水,三面植柳,真是絕佳的風(fēng)景點(diǎn)。"荷風(fēng)四面亭"上掛有一副對(duì)聯(lián):"四壁荷花三面柳,半潭秋水一房山"。廖廖幾筆,勾畫(huà)出了拙政園春夏秋冬的風(fēng)景特色。其妙處還有,聯(lián)中蘊(yùn)含著一、二、三、四的序數(shù)。這副對(duì)聯(lián)的上聯(lián),仿照濟(jì)南大明湖"小滄浪"清代書(shū)法家鐵保所書(shū)的楹聯(lián): "四面荷花三面柳,一城山色半城湖"。這副對(duì)聯(lián)的下聯(lián),仿照唐代詩(shī)人李洞的詩(shī)句"看待詩(shī)人無(wú)別物,半潭秋水一房山"。內(nèi)容略作改動(dòng),用在這里,恰到好處。
"香洲"同"荷風(fēng)四面亭"隔水相望。"香洲"的"洲"同"舟"同音,實(shí)際上是一座船型建筑物,可稱(chēng)為石舫或旱船,似乎是一只官船在荷花叢里徐徐而行。值得一提的是,"香洲"這艘石舫,集中了亭、臺(tái)、樓、閣、榭五種建筑種類(lèi)。船頭為荷花臺(tái),茶室為四方亭,船艙為面水榭,船樓為澄觀樓,船尾為野航閣。實(shí)際上,在蘇州諸多園林中,幾乎都建有石舫。從地理原因來(lái)講,蘇州是典型的江南水鄉(xiāng),古代大都以舟代步,家家臨河,處處通船,在花園里建石舫以應(yīng)景。從建筑角度來(lái)講蘇州園林建筑的種類(lèi)有亭臺(tái)樓閣,廳堂館齋,軒榭廊橋,再加上舫,可以使建筑物形狀多樣,多姿多彩。再?gòu)恼谓嵌葋?lái)講,石舫可以經(jīng)常提醒人們"水可載舟,亦可覆舟"的道理。園主想借此表白自己"處江湖之遠(yuǎn),則憂(yōu)其君"的心跡。
經(jīng)過(guò)九曲石橋,沿著游廊走,就來(lái)到了"見(jiàn)山樓",古代叫做"藕香榭"。"見(jiàn)山樓"三面環(huán)水,似乎蒼龍嬉水。"見(jiàn)山樓"是龍頭,爬山廊是龍身,云墻是龍尾,門(mén)洞是龍嘴,曲橋是龍須。"見(jiàn)山樓"上層有蠡殼和合窗,樓下用落地長(zhǎng)窗,室內(nèi)明式桌椅茶幾,梁上懸掛小方什景燈,完整地保留著那種古色古香的風(fēng)貌。
從"見(jiàn)山樓"沿著游廊往南走,可以來(lái)到"小滄浪"。"見(jiàn)山樓"位于第二景區(qū)的北部,是主景區(qū),視野開(kāi)闊,"疏可走馬"。而"小滄浪"、"小飛虹"、"得真亭"這一帶是第二景區(qū)的南部,是次景區(qū),空間窄小,"密不透風(fēng)"。"小滄浪"的出典是《楚辭.漁父》,原話(huà)是"滄浪之水清兮,可以濯我纓;滄浪之水濁兮,可以濯我足"。用現(xiàn)代的語(yǔ)言來(lái)解釋?zhuān)褪翘热舫⑶迕鳎揖拖聪疵崩t,準(zhǔn)備出仕輔助朝綱;倘若朝廷昏庸,我就洗洗雙腳,決心隱退逍遙自在。"小滄浪"是一座三開(kāi)間的水閣,南窗北檻,兩面臨水,跨水而居,構(gòu)成一個(gè)閑靜的水院。站在"小滄浪"前往北看,廊橋"小飛虹"倒映在水里,水波蕩漾,猶如彩虹。這里是觀賞水景的最佳去處。只見(jiàn)藕香榭前各路水源匯聚一池,似乎"浩浩湯湯,橫無(wú)際涯"。到了香洲前,突然分流回去,其中一條支流彎彎曲曲,撲面而來(lái),經(jīng)過(guò)"小飛虹",過(guò)"小滄浪",有一種余味未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的理水手法,符合蘇州古典園林關(guān)于"水面有聚有散,聚處以遼闊見(jiàn)長(zhǎng),散處以曲折取勝"的要領(lǐng),可稱(chēng)一絕。
從"小滄浪"往東走,就來(lái)到了"遠(yuǎn)香堂"。欣賞"遠(yuǎn)香堂",可以使來(lái)賓們的游興達(dá)到游覽這一景區(qū)的最高潮。"遠(yuǎn)香堂",位于中部花園的中心位置,前面有一條小河種有蓮花,后面有一片水池,廣植荷花。夏天荷花盛開(kāi),清香一陣陣飄到堂內(nèi),所以取宋代周敦頤《愛(ài)蓮說(shuō)》一文中"香遠(yuǎn)益清"之句成了堂名。"遠(yuǎn)香堂"四面都鑲有玻璃窗,可以坐在廳里一邊品茶,一邊聊天,一邊看景。廳的南邊是一座峻峭的黃石假山,北邊是池島假山,東邊山坡上有"繡綺亭",西邊池塘邊有"倚玉軒",給人以近山遠(yuǎn)水,山高水低的感覺(jué)。"遠(yuǎn)香堂"的楹額,早先是乾隆年間著名學(xué)者沈德潛的手筆,因已佚失,由近代書(shū)法家張辛稼補(bǔ)寫(xiě)。兩邊有一副對(duì)聯(lián),共有,是蘇州諸多園林中最長(zhǎng)的對(duì)聯(lián),記載了當(dāng)年八旗奉直會(huì)館達(dá)官貴人聚會(huì)時(shí)的盛況。蘇州古典園林建筑物,十分重視意境的設(shè)計(jì),往往在園中的主要景點(diǎn)上,配以古詩(shī)古文中的詞句,用大量的匾額楹聯(lián)來(lái)點(diǎn)綴。這些匾額楹聯(lián),立意深遠(yuǎn),意境含蓄,情調(diào)高雅,文雋永,書(shū)法美妙,既記述了名園的歷史,又點(diǎn)明了景點(diǎn)的精華,還抒發(fā)了園主的情懷。
拙政園中部花園的第三個(gè)景區(qū)是"枇杷園"。"枇杷園"位于"遠(yuǎn)香堂"的東南面,是拙政園中部花園里的園中園,因種有枇杷樹(shù)而得名。"枇杷園"的園門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)得很巧妙。來(lái)賓們走到這里,見(jiàn)到前面一道云墻,兩面種有牡丹,正所謂"山窮水盡疑無(wú)路"了。真沒(méi)有料到,只要再往前走,就可以發(fā)現(xiàn),黃石堆砌的假山遮住了旁邊的一個(gè)門(mén)洞。隨著人們一步一步走近,門(mén)洞就一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)擴(kuò)大。到了門(mén)口,才發(fā)現(xiàn)門(mén)洞像一輪明月,鑲嵌在白色的云墻上。過(guò)門(mén)洞后再往前走,這輪明月又被這邊的湖石假山慢慢地遮住了?粗露撮T(mén)和牡丹花,不禁使人想到"閉月羞花"的典故。這個(gè)月洞門(mén)又像一個(gè)巨大的寶鏡,庭院里的景物似乎是院外景物的影子。園主巧妙地選擇了辟月洞門(mén)最佳位置,使"雪香云蔚亭""月洞門(mén)""嘉實(shí)亭"三點(diǎn)同處在一條視線(xiàn)上,并通過(guò)月洞門(mén)聯(lián)系前后佳景,從而組成一組對(duì)景。由此可見(jiàn),蘇州古典園林在辟門(mén)開(kāi)窗時(shí),除考慮到出入和采光外,尤其注意擷取畫(huà)面,力求處處有景,景隨步移。
第三個(gè)景區(qū)是以庭院建筑為主,有"玲瓏館""嘉實(shí)亭""聽(tīng)雨軒"和"海棠春塢"等。這些建筑物又把空間分割為三個(gè)小院。這種造景手法,稱(chēng)為"隔景",以便豐富園景,掩藏新景。三個(gè)小院,既隔又連,互相穿插,在空間處理和景物設(shè)置方面富有變化。每個(gè)庭院的天井,用肉眼看大小一般,但用腳步量一下卻發(fā)現(xiàn)相差甚大。原來(lái)"玲瓏館"前的云墻造得較矮,視野開(kāi)闊就顯得大。"海棠春塢"尺寸比較小,但開(kāi)了幾個(gè)漏窗,使天井顯得比較寬敞。"聽(tīng)雨軒"前的天井面積比較大,就開(kāi)了一個(gè)小池塘,使天井大小適宜,園景豐富。當(dāng)年,園主喜歡同家眷在這里,一邊品嘗蘇州的船點(diǎn),一邊細(xì)聽(tīng)那雨滴打在瓦楞片上、芭蕉葉上、碎石地上,發(fā)出 "滴滴答答""淅淅瀝瀝""劈里啪啦"的聲音,陶醉在大自然的音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作之中。這里似乎是中部花園交響樂(lè)的第三樂(lè)章。第一樂(lè)章,可稱(chēng)為"高山之顛";第二樂(lè)章,可稱(chēng)之為"滄海之濱";第三樂(lè)章,可稱(chēng)之為"天倫之樂(lè)"。"嘉實(shí)亭"里有一副對(duì)聯(lián)"春秋多佳日;山水有清音",用在這里,惟妙惟肖。 當(dāng)來(lái)賓們從中部花園,穿過(guò)"別有洞天"的圓洞門(mén)后,就來(lái)到了西部花園。西部花園的主體建筑是"卅六鴛鴦館"和"十八曼陀羅花館"。這座建筑物是美化了的" 鴛鴦廳"結(jié)構(gòu);外面看是一個(gè)屋頂,里邊是四個(gè)屋面;外面看是一個(gè)大廳,里邊分為兩個(gè)客廳;北面客廳是夏天納涼用的,南面客廳是冬天取暖用的。進(jìn)門(mén)時(shí),圓洞門(mén)上方有四個(gè)磚雕的篆體"得少佳趣"。意思是說(shuō),進(jìn)得門(mén)來(lái),才能漸入佳境,稍得樂(lè)趣。這個(gè)大廳建于清代,精雕細(xì)刻,擺設(shè)考究,氣派非凡。北廳的楹額"卅六鴛鴦館"是清代狀元洪鈞墨寶,南廳的楹額"十八曼陀羅花館",是清代狀元陸潤(rùn)庠佳作。館,是賓客聚會(huì)的地方,寬敞而幽靜,四通而八達(dá)。鴛鴦是美滿(mǎn)姻緣的代名詞,曼陀羅花是延年益壽的吉祥物。據(jù)印光法師編撰的《阿彌陀經(jīng)注釋》中介紹,西方極樂(lè)世界每天都普降曼陀羅花。當(dāng)今世上,只有多福多壽的人才能見(jiàn)到。傳說(shuō),曼陀羅花與山茶花相似,所以,這里種十八棵寶株山茶應(yīng)景。這個(gè)大廳造型別致,椽子為弓形和弧形,四角有耳房,相傳是園主聽(tīng)昆曲的地方。史書(shū)記載,補(bǔ)園主人張履謙特別喜歡昆曲,經(jīng)常同"曲圣"俞粟廬先生在這里切磋曲藝,每當(dāng)清唱演出進(jìn)入高潮時(shí),總有一種"余音繞梁,三日不絕"的感覺(jué)。四角的耳房,是供演員換妝,傭人居住的地方。這里的藍(lán)白相間的玻璃窗很雅致,每當(dāng)盛夏烈日時(shí),陽(yáng)光透過(guò)窗戶(hù)變成一道道藍(lán)白相間的光束,灑在地上,泛起一陣陣寒意。如果來(lái)賓們有興趣的話(huà),可以用眼睛靠近藍(lán)色的玻璃窗往外看,只見(jiàn)屋頂上、樹(shù)枝上、石塊上、荷葉上,都像是披上了一層白雪。
" 留聽(tīng)閣"位于"卅六鴛鴦館"的西面,楹額由清代湖南巡撫吳大澄所書(shū)。"留聽(tīng)閣"出自唐代李商隱的"秋陰不散霜飛晚,留得殘荷聽(tīng)雨聲"之句。"留聽(tīng)閣"南面飛罩是銀杏木立體雕刻松、竹、海、雀的花紋,構(gòu)圖勻稱(chēng),手法精巧。隔扇裙板上刻有蟠螭(夔龍)圖案,據(jù)說(shuō)是太平天國(guó)忠王府內(nèi)的遺物,>有較高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值和歷史價(jià)值。
"倒影樓"位于"卅六鴛鴦館"的北面。之所以取名為"倒影樓 ",是因?yàn)閺那懊娴某靥晾锟梢郧宄乜吹竭@幢樓閣的倒影。樓的下層,叫"拜文揖沈之齋"。用時(shí)髦的話(huà)來(lái)講,就是"文征明先生和沈石田先生紀(jì)念館"。文征明是明代"四大才子"之一。有的資料說(shuō),他參與了拙政園的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。也有的資料說(shuō),他依照?qǐng)@景畫(huà)了31幅圖,各配以詩(shī)詞,并作了《王氏拙政園記》,使名園增輝。沈石田先生曾經(jīng)是文征明先生繪畫(huà)方面的指導(dǎo)老師。他們對(duì)蘇州文化藝術(shù)的發(fā)展作出過(guò)重大貢獻(xiàn)。"倒影樓"中間屏門(mén)上雕刻有揚(yáng)州八怪之一鄭板橋的無(wú)根竹圖,并配有詩(shī)詞,也是不可多得的珍貴文物。
"倒影樓"前面有一條曲折婉蜒的水廊,地面貼著池面。池面上波光粼粼,地面上高低起伏,使人感到正踩在池面上隨水飄浮。水廊的西面有一組樓閣群,最近的是"與誰(shuí)同坐軒"。軒,是形似車(chē)廂的建筑物,兩頭有門(mén)框而不上門(mén),隨意進(jìn)出;兩旁墻上開(kāi)有窗口,以便觀景。"與誰(shuí)同坐?明月、清風(fēng)、我。"這是蘇東坡的詩(shī)句,表達(dá)了詩(shī)人孤芳自賞的心情。園主借此表示自己的清高。仔細(xì)再看,"與誰(shuí)同坐軒",好像一把扇子,軒頂?shù)耐呙嫦裾凵鹊纳让,后?quot;笠亭"的尖頂恰似折扇的扇把,簡(jiǎn)直連接得天衣無(wú)縫。
以拙政園為代表的蘇州園林,處處是充滿(mǎn)著詩(shī)情畫(huà)意的青山綠水,時(shí)時(shí)是洋溢著溫情脈脈的家庭氣氛,全園體現(xiàn)了淡泊明志的人生哲理,正是古人們苦苦追求的"人間天堂"。
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