美聯(lián)社報(bào)道：中國(guó)年輕一代對(duì)工作更挑剔
Factory worker Chen Qinghai frowned as he looked at a tall bulletin board full of help-wanted notices from companies making everything from mobile phones to car parts。
The 19-year-old saw nothing that interested him。
"I wouldn’t want to do any of these jobs," he said. "The pay is too low, and there’s no chance of advancement."
Chen is part of the reasons many factories in southern China’s Pearl River Delta, the nation’s biggest manufacturing base, are complaining about a severe shortage of workers。
There are many reasons for the shortage in once-booming coastal regions. Farm-friendly policies are keeping many on the land, while other migrants are finding jobs closer to home as poor interior provinces become more prosperous。
But another reason is the changing labor force: More than half of China’s working-age population consists of laborers like Chen, young people born in the 1980s and 1990s。
Many younger workers grew up with greater prosperity in families limited by the one-child policy. They are more used to getting their way。
"It’s true we’re less willing to eat bitterness," Chen said with a chuckle. "We’re better educated. We know we have rights."
Chen comes from a village outside Shaoguan city, in the less developed northern Guangdong Province, and went to a vocational high school。
He said he wants to build on his technical skills in a stable position that allows him to advance each year。
For many, a bigger paycheck might inspire them to shop more, which could be good news for Western companies。
American David Levy, who runs a electric cable factory in Dongguan, has witnessed the generational shift in China’s work force. He described the first waves of migrants, who plan to send most of their money home and eventually return to their village to build a house。
"They can actually look the boss in the eye when they’re talking. They don’t cower when the boss comes around. They’re becoming more and more like American workers. I like that."
工人陳慶海(音)邊看公司招工通知邊皺眉頭。公司產(chǎn)品從復(fù)印機(jī)、DVD驅(qū)動(dòng)器到移動(dòng)電話和汽車(chē)零件。這位19歲的青年找不到感興趣的工作。“我不想干廣告中提供的任何工作”，他說(shuō)，“工資太低，而且沒(méi)有發(fā)展，你只能陷在那里。”
這是珠三角地區(qū)——中國(guó)最大的制造業(yè)基地——很多工廠老板抱怨勞動(dòng)力嚴(yán)重短缺的部分原因。
珠三角這些一度繁榮的沿海地區(qū)出現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)力短缺的原因很多。“支農(nóng)型”政策使很多人留在了他們的土地上，隨著內(nèi)陸省份更加繁榮，其他農(nóng)民工正在離家鄉(xiāng)更近的地方尋找工作。得到中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激政策支持的基建工程也吸引了工人。但是，另外一個(gè)關(guān)鍵原因是正在發(fā)生變化的勞動(dòng)力大軍：中國(guó)達(dá)到工作年齡的人口有超過(guò)一半的人是由像陳慶海這樣的勞動(dòng)者所構(gòu)成，他們是出生在20世紀(jì)八九十年代的年輕人。
他們的態(tài)度和期望與他們的父輩有天壤之別。父輩為了很少的工資就會(huì)蹲在生產(chǎn)線上工作，他們把中國(guó)變成了一個(gè)制造業(yè)巨人。很多年輕工人不愿干他們的.父母?jìng)兯蛇^(guò)的“血汗活”。他們的成長(zhǎng)伴隨著家庭更大的富足。他們更習(xí)慣于我行我素。
“誠(chéng)然，我們不太愿意吃苦，”陳說(shuō)，“我們受到更好的教育，我們知道自己的權(quán)利。時(shí)代已經(jīng)變了。”陳來(lái)自廣東省欠發(fā)達(dá)的北部地區(qū)，上過(guò)職業(yè)高中。陳說(shuō)，他的夢(mèng)想是在一個(gè)能夠?yàn)樗峁┪磥?lái)職業(yè)前景的公司工作。
在中國(guó)開(kāi)辦工廠的美國(guó)人大衛(wèi)•利維見(jiàn)證了中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力大軍所發(fā)生的“代際”轉(zhuǎn)變。他說(shuō)第一撥農(nóng)民工把大部分錢(qián)寄回家，最終回到家鄉(xiāng)蓋房子。他工廠里5年前的照片記錄了一代人的變化，他說(shuō)：“他們的行為也不同了，談話時(shí)平視老板。當(dāng)老板來(lái)到身邊時(shí)，他們也不畏縮。他們變得越來(lái)越像美國(guó)工人了。我喜歡這一點(diǎn)。”
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