英語(yǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的格式和要求
I.格式
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)
(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ)(國(guó)際——溫哥華格式1979年創(chuàng)建, 2006年2月最新版http://www.icmje.org)*, 一篇生物醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文(以下簡(jiǎn)稱"論文")應(yīng)包括以下12個(gè)部分：
1.Title 7. Acknowledgements
2.Abstract 8. References
3.Introduction 9. Legends
4.Materials and Methods 10. Figures
5.Results 11. Tables
6.Discussion 12. Plates and Explanations
II.要求
1.標(biāo)題
A. 標(biāo)題的要求
Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告訴你的同行確切研究了什么)
(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.
The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters
China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words
要求：
(1) Short and concise(簡(jiǎn)明扼要)：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文標(biāo)題常見(jiàn)的“試論”，“淺談”，“初探”等詞在英文標(biāo)題中一般不用。我國(guó)的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB-7713-87)要求將一般英文標(biāo)題的實(shí)詞控制在10個(gè)詞以內(nèi)。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期與非依賴胰島素糖尿病之關(guān)系
(2)Informative(信息豐富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
(3)Indexing(便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 標(biāo)題是讀者檢索文獻(xiàn)的重要標(biāo)識(shí)，是著錄題錄和索引等第二次文獻(xiàn)的重要內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題中所選每一個(gè)實(shí)詞必須是正確通用的術(shù)語(yǔ)，能提供文獻(xiàn)檢索，盡量包含關(guān)鍵詞。要求盡量把關(guān)鍵詞(索引詞)安排在標(biāo)題最前面或最后面的位置上
(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心詞): 每條標(biāo)題都有中心詞，它們是能高度概括論文中心內(nèi)容和主題的單詞，要將其放在最顯著突出的位置。中心詞的內(nèi)容一般是研究方法，研究對(duì)象，研究目的或效果，一般為名詞，名詞短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。
例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 論衛(wèi)生事業(yè)中的知識(shí)技術(shù)
Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鑒別力受損與顱內(nèi)鈣化——甲狀旁腺功能逐漸減退
美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)寫作協(xié)會(huì)(American Medical Writers Association)醫(yī)學(xué)論文寫作要領(lǐng)中對(duì)于標(biāo)題的說(shuō)明是：
1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature
2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read
3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)
4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations
5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:
So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”
6. 不同的醫(yī)學(xué)期刊對(duì)標(biāo)題的書(shū)寫規(guī)則要求不同， 一般有兩種形式：
1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases
2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver
標(biāo)題中冠詞的用法:
1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock
2). Carcinoma of the anal canal
Running title
B. 標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu)
標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu)一般都用名詞作主干的名詞短語(yǔ)型，這類標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)中作為主干詞的名詞一般帶有動(dòng)詞意義，有時(shí)也用完整句，以陳述句較多，偶爾也用疑問(wèn)句。例：
Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治療成年人突發(fā)性肝衰竭康復(fù)后呼吸窘迫綜合癥
Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表診斷暈厥
表示診斷，治療方式或藥物治療的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)
這類標(biāo)題中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名詞都帶有動(dòng)詞意義，后跟for, in, to, with 等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)引出病名或接受診治的部位及所使用的藥物。例：
Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林輔助治療春季結(jié)膜炎
Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼內(nèi)異物的基本處理方法
(藥物)治療：A治療B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)
A in the treatment/management of B;
treatment of B with A;
use of A in the treatment of B;
A therapy/treatment of B;
A in /for B
Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension
Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock
(非藥物)治療：A治療B(A=method of treatment; B= name of the disease)
A for/in B
A in the treatment of B
Treatment of B by A
Parathyroidectomy for chronic renal failure
Partial left ventriculectomy in the treatment of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy
Treatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis
診斷：A診斷 B( A =method of diagnosis; B= name of the disease)
A in B
A in the diagnosis of B
Assay/detection of A in B
Diagnosis of B by/with A
Detection of B by A
Application of A to the diagnosis of B
Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of gallstones
Assay of creation kinase isoenzymes in heart disease
表示研究，分析，實(shí)驗(yàn)調(diào)查，觀察，評(píng)估等的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)
探討： discussion of /on,
an approach to;
a probe into;
investigation of;
on Sudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 cases
An approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancer
觀察(報(bào)告， 結(jié)果)：an observation/observations of /on/in
Clinical observation on 342 cases with allergic rhinitis
Levels of plasma calcium and red cell calcium in newborns with multi-organ damage after asphyxia (“觀察” 一詞略)
調(diào)查： survey of/on, 實(shí)驗(yàn)：test/trial
Survey of 38 cases of parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure
研究/分析: study/studies(analysis) of /on /in (by 方法 / with工具)…
Wilson’s disease: A clinical and pathological study of 10 cases
Platelet function studies in heart disease
評(píng)估(鑒定)：
assessment/evaluation/estimation/appraisal/calculation/valuation/appreciation of
Assessment of Liver Function
Presurgical Evaluation of Eyes with Opaque Media
表示關(guān)系，相關(guān)，比較，對(duì)照等的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)
這類標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)一般用 (the) correlation, relationship, association, comparison, contrast等詞為主體詞干，加of…and, of…with, of…with…and, between…and 等表示范圍，比較對(duì)象等。
例：Correlation of Histology and Sensibility after Nerve Repair
神經(jīng)修補(bǔ)后組織結(jié)構(gòu)與感官能力間的關(guān)系
A Comparison of Digoxin and Dobutamine in Patients with Acute Infarction and Cardiac Failure 用DIGOXIN 和DOBUTAMINE治療急性梗塞和心衰之比較
常用修飾詞: positively (正) / negatively (負(fù)) / significantly (明顯) / insignificantly (不明顯) / strongly (很大) / little (很小)
e.g. Positive correlation of CD44v6 expression with invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer
表示技術(shù)，使用，特點(diǎn)，結(jié)果，方法，模式，證據(jù)，測(cè)定，介紹等的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)
這類標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)一般用(A或The)technique, use, properties, characteristics, introduction, method, result, evidence, essay 等詞，加for, in, to, in or doing sth.等介詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)，或帶to不定式短語(yǔ)，表示方面，范圍，類型等。例：
Use of sulphamethizole in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the elderly
用磺胺甲噻二唑治療老年泌尿道感染
Biological Properties of the Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines SW620
結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞系SW620 的生物特征
4) 標(biāo)題中分詞短語(yǔ)的用法
醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)論文中分詞短語(yǔ)一般作定語(yǔ)，大多放在被修飾詞的后面，必要時(shí)與名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合分詞作定語(yǔ)。例：
Analysis of Surface Protein of Mouse Lung Carcinoma Using Monolconal Antibiotics
分析使用單克隆抗生素的鼠肺癌表面蛋白
副標(biāo)題 (subtitle)
副標(biāo)題是對(duì)主標(biāo)題的補(bǔ)充和說(shuō)明，或突出論文某方面的內(nèi)容。它通常放在正標(biāo)題之后或之下，體現(xiàn)論文研究的范圍或角度。
(1) 突出病例數(shù)
Original : A retrospective study of 176 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room.
Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 176 consecutive cases
(2) 突出研究重點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容
Original: The chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis
Revised: Aorto-arteritis : Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance
(3) 突出研究方法和性質(zhì)
Original: A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis
Revised: Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study
(4) 突出治療作用
Prazodine: A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension
(5) 提出疑問(wèn)或選擇
Original: Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symptom?
Revised: Chronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric symptom?
(6) 表示長(zhǎng)篇連載論文各分篇的主題
Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum : A study of 29 cases of nephritis
Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum: A study of miscellaneous disease conditions
(7) 說(shuō)明研究時(shí)間
Original: One year clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosis
Revised: Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: One year clinical experience
C.標(biāo)題頁(yè)
根據(jù)URMSBJ要求，論文標(biāo)題及有關(guān)著錄內(nèi)容應(yīng)單獨(dú)雙行打印，稱為"標(biāo)題頁(yè)"(Title page)，其內(nèi)容包括：
1. 標(biāo)題 (the title of the article);
2. 所有作者的姓名及其最高學(xué)位、所屬單位(the name by which each author is known, with his or her highest academic degree(s) and institutional affiliation);
常見(jiàn)的順序：標(biāo)題、作者姓名、學(xué)位和工作單位
標(biāo)題： Parathyroidectomy for Chronic Renal Failure
作者： William C. Robert, MD, FRCP
單位： Cardiovascular-pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cambridge
在醫(yī)學(xué)期刊中， 作者還可以將自己的姓名、地址、郵編、E-mail置于標(biāo)題頁(yè)下方的腳注中，以便于聯(lián)系。
Correspondence to : Dr. Xu Qingbao, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
有的國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)期刊，作者姓名之后附有學(xué)位，有的甚至幾個(gè)學(xué)位：
Peter C. Burger, MD
Roger R. Dozois, MD, PHD
還可附學(xué)銜、職稱， 以及在國(guó)際上享有較高聲譽(yù)的某學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)員的縮寫詞。
Joseph L. Gerry, MD, FRCP, Professor of Cardioangiology
1). 工作單位的排列順序：
(1).Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, U.S. A.
(2).University of Chicago, Department of Surgery
(3).Department of Medicine, division of digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Beijing University, Beijing, China
2).工作單位的編排位置
(1) 英美
a. Joel J.Roslyn MD(Joel J. Roslyn 醫(yī)學(xué)博士)
Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 (90024 加州洛杉磯市加里福尼亞大學(xué)外科)
b. From the Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
(2) 國(guó)內(nèi)
a. Zhang Qiuping, Deng Tao, Qu Xueju, et al.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
b.《中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》
中文版：
XIA Jiahui, He Yungui, ZENG Zhihong et al. Natinal Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China
英文版：
National Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China (Sia JH, He YG, Zeng Zh, et al.)
c. 作者來(lái)自不同單位，將工作單位分別排在作者姓名之下：
Zhang Yonghe
Lanzhou Institute of Biologic Products, Lanzhou (蘭州生物制品研究所)
d. 作者來(lái)自不同單位的另一表達(dá)方式：
Wang Qinan1, Liu Jibai2, Liu Yuehan2, Chen Rongxin2, Qin Zhongda and Qu Zhenqi2
1Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Medical College
2Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Sichuan University
3. 研究工作的歸屬部門或單位名稱(the name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed);
4. 棄權(quán)者(若有)(disclaimers, if any);
5. 負(fù)責(zé)通訊和校稿作者的姓名能夠和詳細(xì)地址(the name and address of the author responsible for correspondence and proof about the manuscript);
6. 申請(qǐng)副本聯(lián)系人姓名和地址(the name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed);
7. 資助、設(shè)備、藥品來(lái)源(sources of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these);
8. 不超過(guò)40個(gè)字母(包括間隔)的頁(yè)眉標(biāo)題(a short running head of no more than 40 letters and spaces at the foot of the title page);
頁(yè)眉標(biāo)題：
angina pectoris [原標(biāo)題Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocardial scintigraphic observations] 對(duì)不穩(wěn)定心絞痛的臨床，血管造影和心肌閃爍法觀察
Ethnic diversity in China [ 原標(biāo)題 Combining genetics and population history in the study of ethnic diversity in the People’s Republic of China]
III. Exercise 修改以下標(biāo)題
(1)視網(wǎng)膜小血管變化是冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的一個(gè)指標(biāo)
(2) 用大劑量氨甲喋呤治療急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病的初步體會(huì)
(3) 關(guān)于飲食中鉀含量與血壓關(guān)系的研究
(4)對(duì)急癥室連續(xù)170例腹痛病例的回顧性研究
(5)用磁共振成象術(shù)對(duì)正常懷孕期間垂體增大進(jìn)行活體內(nèi)研究
(6)軍隊(duì)衛(wèi)生防疫工作中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題、原因與對(duì)策的初探
(7) 解釋性用詞時(shí)，如：一例系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡出現(xiàn)胰腺炎病例報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)綜述
(8)聽(tīng)診器是潛在的醫(yī)院感染源嗎?
Translations:
(1)視網(wǎng)膜小血管變化是冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的一個(gè)指標(biāo)
Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease
(2) 用大劑量氨甲喋呤治療急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病的初步體會(huì)
Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL
(3) 關(guān)于飲食中鉀含量與血壓關(guān)系的研究
A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure
副標(biāo)題(subtitle)處理
(4)病例數(shù)時(shí)，如：對(duì)急癥室連續(xù)170例腹痛病例的回顧性研究
Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room
(5)：用磁共振成象術(shù)對(duì)正常懷孕期間垂體增大進(jìn)行活體內(nèi)研究
Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy
(6)軍隊(duì)衛(wèi)生防疫工作中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題、原因與對(duì)策的初探
Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA
(7)一例系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡出現(xiàn)胰腺炎病例報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)綜述
Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures
(8)聽(tīng)診器是潛在的醫(yī)院感染源嗎?
Original: Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection?
III. Exercise 修改后標(biāo)題
(1)視網(wǎng)膜小血管變化是冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的一個(gè)指標(biāo)
Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease
問(wèn)題：標(biāo)題中應(yīng)盡量避免使用活用動(dòng)詞 (active verb), 即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，一般采用名詞短語(yǔ)型結(jié)構(gòu)。
Revised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease
(2) 用大劑量氨甲喋呤治療急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病的初步體會(huì)
Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL
問(wèn)題：1) 應(yīng)盡量避免使用"初步體會(huì)"，"初步研究"，"初步經(jīng)驗(yàn)"之類沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義的詞; 2) 除了像AIDS, DNA等已通用的縮略語(yǔ)外，標(biāo)題中應(yīng)盡量避免使用縮略語(yǔ)，如ALL應(yīng)寫全稱;3)盡量避免使用動(dòng)詞
Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia
或：Use of high dose methotrexate in (the) treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia
(3)關(guān)于飲食中鉀含量與血壓關(guān)系的研究
Original: A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure
問(wèn)題：1)具體的研究一般用study表述 (research一般作不可數(shù)名詞處理，如much research has been done on…);標(biāo)題中如果"研究"一詞前沒(méi)有限定詞，一般都省略，比較：A prospective clinical study of isoniazid-refampicin-pyrazinamide-induced liver injury in an area endemic for hepatitis;2)表述過(guò)于繁瑣 Revised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure
為了滿足標(biāo)題寫作的上述，有時(shí)對(duì)較長(zhǎng)標(biāo)題可采用副標(biāo)題(subtitle)處理，如出現(xiàn)：
(4)病例數(shù)時(shí)，如：對(duì)急癥室連續(xù)170例腹痛病例的回顧性研究
Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room
問(wèn)題：關(guān)鍵詞不突出
Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases
(5) 研究性質(zhì)/方法時(shí)，如：用磁共振成象術(shù)對(duì)正常懷孕期間垂體增大進(jìn)行活體內(nèi)研究
Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy
問(wèn)題：1)關(guān)鍵詞不突出;2)過(guò)多使用了動(dòng)詞
Revised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging
(6) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如：軍隊(duì)衛(wèi)生防疫工作中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題、原因與對(duì)策的初探
Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA
問(wèn)題：(1)"初探"是多余的;(2)外國(guó)人知道CPLA嗎?(3)主題不夠突出
Revised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures
(7) 解釋性用詞時(shí)，如：一例系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡出現(xiàn)胰腺炎病例報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)綜述
Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures
問(wèn)題：1)"appear"為不及物動(dòng)詞，不能跟賓語(yǔ);2)SLE應(yīng)使用全稱; 3)關(guān)鍵詞不夠突出;4)literature一般為不可數(shù)名詞
Revised: Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature
(8) 提問(wèn)或選擇時(shí)，如：聽(tīng)診器是潛在的醫(yī)院感染源嗎?
Original: Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection?
Revised: Stethoscope: a potential source of nosocomial infection?
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醫(yī)學(xué)論文寫作格式要求12-02
醫(yī)學(xué)SCI論文格式要求03-30
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醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的寫作格式11-14
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