淺談教材閱讀語(yǔ)篇講解
新教材各單元的主要閱讀語(yǔ)篇,題材和體裁多種多樣,從高一(上)到高三(下),閱讀語(yǔ)篇的長(zhǎng)度遞增,從300-400字增至700-800字。這些課文載有該單元有關(guān)主題的重要信息,還呈現(xiàn)了其中大部份的詞匯和主要的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。在教學(xué)中,我將閱讀課文作為整體來(lái)處理,運(yùn)用各種方法理解課文,提高學(xué)生閱讀技能。一、詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)
是否能記住單詞是高中學(xué)生學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵。我們知道,學(xué)英語(yǔ)要有良好方法才能獲得良好效果,當(dāng)然,記憶單詞和短語(yǔ)也要有良好方法才能記得牢固,甚至永不遺忘。那么教師應(yīng)怎樣教單詞,學(xué)生應(yīng)怎樣記單詞才會(huì)有更好的效果呢?本人根據(jù)多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐探索,就如何進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué)及如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)兩方面談?wù)勛约旱囊恍┳龇ā?nbsp;
1.利用構(gòu)詞法教新詞
英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法有三種基本形式,即合成(compounding),轉(zhuǎn)換(conversion),和派生(derivation)比如學(xué)習(xí)school通過(guò)合成可以進(jìn)一步學(xué)到schoolmate (同學(xué)),schoolroom(教室),school-house(校舍),schoolboy (girl )(男,女生),schoolbook(教科書(shū)),schoolmaster (男教員),schoolmistress(女教員),schooltime (上課時(shí)間),schoolage (學(xué)齡),schoolday (求學(xué)時(shí)代)等。
在英語(yǔ)中有大量動(dòng)詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,其意思變化不大。如look, try, swim, quarrel, fight, dream等。又有相當(dāng)多的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞,有許多表示物件的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)作。如picture, pencil, water, flower, hand, bottle, pocket等。學(xué)生掌握了這些基本詞類轉(zhuǎn)換之后,對(duì)句子I like a quiet read after supper.和I hope we can room together中的read和room就不難理解其意思了。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)英語(yǔ)詞匯的結(jié)構(gòu),除詞根外,基本上是由詞根加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成。有些單詞同時(shí)可加前綴和后綴形式。詞根表示詞的基本詞意,前綴和后綴表示詞的附加詞匯意義或語(yǔ)法意義。比如:honor(榮譽(yù),尊重)加前綴構(gòu)成dishonor, 加后綴構(gòu)成honorable, honor的前綴構(gòu)成與詞根相反的意義(恥辱),后綴又賦予它由名詞變成形容詞,副詞的語(yǔ)法意義。又如act(行動(dòng)v. 行為n.)是詞根,可以加后綴派生出其它詞匯,actor(男演員),actress(女演員),action(行為,做法),acting(代理的,演技)。學(xué)生利用詞頭詞尾的學(xué)習(xí)不但能很快地推斷出其讀音,詞性和詞義,而且迅速擴(kuò)大詞匯量,提高學(xué)單詞的興趣和信心,輕而易舉地學(xué)會(huì)并牢記這一新詞,形成了以舊帶新,以新聯(lián)舊,相互滲透的良好記憶循環(huán)。
2.形、音、義相結(jié)合教新詞
備課時(shí)要側(cè)重備些新詞與舊詞在形,音,義上的聯(lián)系,上課時(shí)特別要鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)詞典,課本,參考書(shū)上沒(méi)有提到的聯(lián)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)詞與其他詞的多種多樣的聯(lián)系。例如:airport=air+port,understand= under+stand,telephone=tele+phone,television=tele+vision, kilometer=kilo+metre,headache=head+ache,headline=head+line,這組詞在意義上都有聯(lián)系。又如:care — careful — carefully — careless — carelessly — carelessness, 的結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系有同前綴,同詞根的聯(lián)系等幾個(gè)基本方面。及時(shí)地講授基本英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞知識(shí),學(xué)生不但可以較快地記 use—useful—usefully—useless—uselessly—uselessness,這兩組都是同詞根的詞。
3.結(jié)合課文,詞組,句子教新詞。
“詞不離句,句不離文”,這是前人教單詞的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談。只有把單詞連成句子,并聯(lián)成話語(yǔ)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)其交際功能,達(dá)到表達(dá)思想,交流感情的目的。也可將一些詞組,句子組成對(duì)話,有情景,有意義,學(xué)生易學(xué)易記,還能促進(jìn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。還可結(jié)合課文的內(nèi)容設(shè)置一些問(wèn)題,該課的生詞可包括在問(wèn)題之中,也可包括在問(wèn)題的答案中。例如:
desert—Camels are usually regarded as “ boats in the desert.”
pour—Take an umbrella. It’s pouring down outside.
present—Every guest who is present at the dance will get a beautiful present.
cause—One of the causes of the accident was poor management.
pollute, pollution —What is the most serious pollution in our city ?
—Air pollution. The smokes from the cars pollute the air.
4.用英語(yǔ)解釋教新詞
用學(xué)生學(xué)過(guò)的舊詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)新詞,解釋新詞,例如:attend: to be present at or to go to ;divide: to cause to separate;shoot: to fire,to hit,to wound or to kill with a gun;form: to take or make into a shape;include: to contain or to have as a part等。有時(shí)可先給出一個(gè)新詞英文釋義,讓學(xué)生來(lái)猜新詞, 這樣既復(fù)習(xí)舊詞,又提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)思維能力。
5.通過(guò)語(yǔ)境教新詞
語(yǔ)境(context)可以展示詞語(yǔ)的具體用法以及它們的搭配。通過(guò)語(yǔ)境學(xué)習(xí)詞匯可以大大提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。眾所周知,離開(kāi)語(yǔ)境,很多詞的意義便含糊不清。如a sweet temper 中的sweet 常含有g(shù)entle的意思,而在the sweet smell of roses中的sweet卻表示light pleasant或fragrant。由于英語(yǔ)中有些詞匯意義不止一個(gè),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義。例如I live near the bank,既可理解I live near the riverside,也可理解為I live near the establishment for the deposit of money。
6.通過(guò)文化背景教新詞
有些詞義問(wèn)題往往是文化問(wèn)題,也是思維方式問(wèn)題。詞匯教學(xué)要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生由意義到文化,由文化到思想,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握詞義演變的規(guī)律,學(xué)生便會(huì)對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生興趣。例如:China(中國(guó));china(瓷器);drive(驅(qū),趕,駕駛);see(看見(jiàn),明白,懂得);Indian(印度人,印第安人);ring(環(huán),圈,戒指,鈴響,打電話);settle(停留,安家,定居,解決);power(力量,動(dòng)力,電力,權(quán)力,政權(quán));meet one’s Waterloo如果知道這個(gè)詞組的典故就不難記住。十九世紀(jì)初拿破侖稱雄歐洲一時(shí),最后終于戰(zhàn)敗于比利時(shí)的滑鐵盧,后來(lái)人們將“遇到滑鐵盧之戰(zhàn)”喻為“慘遭失敗”。
二、閱讀的引入
俗話說(shuō):“良好的開(kāi)端是成功的一半。”一堂課如果引入得當(dāng),能直接吸引學(xué)生,極大地調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性,課堂氣氛也變得輕松活潑,課堂效率也會(huì)得到提高。導(dǎo)入時(shí)要盡可能使學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與,為整節(jié)課作好開(kāi)路先鋒。導(dǎo)入手段多種多樣,可通過(guò)文中插圖,問(wèn)答、討論的形式,也可通過(guò)各種教學(xué)媒體,如直觀導(dǎo)入。講“Earthquake”時(shí),可找與此有關(guān)的錄像或VCD片斷,通過(guò)放映,讓學(xué)生感受地震時(shí)人們的心情及地震所造成的災(zāi)難。在“Charlie Chaplin”時(shí)也可用此方法,達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。當(dāng)然,也可以通過(guò)音樂(lè)欣賞,背景知識(shí)等等作為引入。
三、閱讀課的教學(xué)
我通常將閱讀作為整體來(lái)教學(xué),一篇閱讀課分為兩課時(shí)進(jìn)行,第一課時(shí)進(jìn)行閱讀,第二課時(shí)講解及練習(xí)。
(一)閱讀課時(shí)
閱讀課通常采用“三遍閱讀法”:即第一遍簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題,可通過(guò)快速閱讀進(jìn)行,問(wèn)題可能是判斷,也可能是問(wèn)題或找主題句。第二遍難度中等,如細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題,段落主題句,詞義推敲等。第三遍較難問(wèn)題,如主旨大意,推斷題,復(fù)述等。2005年高考題型增加了填空題,因此復(fù)述課文顯得很重要。復(fù)述可采用key words , 問(wèn)題式或填空式等。另外,根據(jù)文章的難易程度及文章的體裁,我對(duì)課文閱讀處理分為兩種:
第一種,“長(zhǎng)難句-細(xì)節(jié)題-主旨大意” 。文章較難,學(xué)生在閱讀中可能長(zhǎng)難句較多,生詞較多,以理解或不太熟悉的科普文章等,或敘述性文章。以課文We are what we eat 為例,這篇課文對(duì)學(xué)生難度較大,我分四步進(jìn)行:
1. 從標(biāo)題入手,要求學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容。
2. 閱讀語(yǔ)篇,了解主要內(nèi)容并找出自己的長(zhǎng)難句,師生共同解決,這一步完成之后,文章難度降低。
3. 細(xì)節(jié)題處理。如⑴ “What do the words ‘fuel’ and ‘green’ mean? ”
⑵ “ Can you find any other words to replace them?”
⑶ According to the passage, the 21st –century person should ____.
A. not be too careful with his food
B. have a healthy and balanced diet
C. be changing his eating habits all the time
D. keep his traditional diets and eating habits
⑷In the text, vegans are people who _____.
A. prefer traditional diets
B. have good eating habits
C. prefer organic vegetables
D. eat no animal products
4.要求學(xué)生找出各段的主題句并以此為脈絡(luò)復(fù)述課文。
Para1 We’d better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat .
Para2 We’d better think if the food will give us the nutrients when making right choices.
Para3 Many people make choices based on what they believe .
Para4 We should buy good food and keep a balanced diet when making choices.
Para5 In a word , the best way is to develop healthy eating habits.
主題句找到后,學(xué)生對(duì)本文脈絡(luò)清楚,關(guān)上書(shū)作復(fù)述也簡(jiǎn)單了,并且輸入語(yǔ)言到頭腦中了。第二種,“主旨大意-細(xì)節(jié)題-長(zhǎng)難句”。說(shuō)明文、議論文體裁或段落主題句較明顯的可采用 。可讓學(xué)生整體粗讀,領(lǐng)略文章大意,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生找出主題句,抓住中心,從而整體理解的能力。有相當(dāng)多的英語(yǔ)文章講究使用主題段和主題句,且主題段通常在文章開(kāi)頭,簡(jiǎn)要概括文章的中心意思;主題句可能在一段文章的開(kāi)頭,中間,也可能在末尾,要求學(xué)生能快速找出,做到“先見(jiàn)林后見(jiàn)木”,并以此為文脈,了解文章細(xì)節(jié)。長(zhǎng)難句的處理采取討論式和教師主講式,由學(xué)生提出問(wèn)題,學(xué)生討論或?qū)W生講解等,教師補(bǔ)充。
以The birth of a festival為例: ⑴ 閱讀第一遍,讓學(xué)生掌握文篇的“general ideas”或“What have we learned about- kwanzaa after reading ?”
⑵ 閱讀第二遍。了解文章細(xì)節(jié),可采用表格作歸納。Name,Date,Meaning,Principles,Symbol Celebration。
⑶閱讀第三遍,與學(xué)生共同處理長(zhǎng)難句,可討論,可個(gè)別翻譯,解決閱讀中理解句子的問(wèn)題,帶動(dòng)差生讀懂文章。
(二)講解語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)及練習(xí)
這堂課的重點(diǎn)是對(duì)課文的詞匯、短語(yǔ)、句型及優(yōu)美句式進(jìn)行整理記憶并學(xué)會(huì)使用。在講解語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)時(shí),我盡可能突出“重中之重”。講解點(diǎn)不要過(guò)多。盡可能4個(gè)點(diǎn)之內(nèi),然后要求學(xué)生用紅筆將重要短語(yǔ),句型勾劃出,并給10分鐘左右的時(shí)間進(jìn)行課堂記憶,剩余時(shí)間盡可能給學(xué)生練習(xí)。練習(xí)選取一些與講解語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)、短語(yǔ)等句型有關(guān)的單選,單句改錯(cuò),單句翻譯、單詞拼寫(xiě)等進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)鞏固練習(xí)。課后補(bǔ)充閱讀材料進(jìn)行能力提升的訓(xùn)練。以The birth of a festival一文為例:
講解⑴ would do sth. 過(guò)去常常做……(與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān))聯(lián)系used to do sth. 過(guò)去常常做……(與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),意味這種行為現(xiàn)在已不存在)
e.g. He would come to my home for help when he had any trouble.
He used to be a teacher.
He used to get up late, but now gets up very early.
⑵ dress up (as)
聯(lián)系wear, be in , have on , be dressed in , put on
e.g. We dressed up for the wedding.
He dressed up as a policeman.
dress sb./ oneslf up 把某人(自己)打扮起來(lái),給某人()穿上衣服,
注意:dress + sb.
⑶ take in
He had nowhere to go, so I took him in(收容,留宿).
She didn’t take in what I said(理解,體會(huì),了解).
She was not easily taken in(蒙騙,欺騙).
The tour takes in some famous places(包含,包括).
⑷ do as much / as sb. can(do) to do… do everything /anything /all sb. can(do) to do… do what sb. can(do)to do…to do…作目的狀語(yǔ)。
He will drive as carefully as he can to avoid any accidents.
He run as fast as he could in the race and finally won the first place.
勾劃課文短語(yǔ)如:
⑴ greet the new year and think about the past
⑵ a seven-day festival
⑶ build one’s life
⑷ honor our ancestors
⑸ commercial activities
⑹ enjoy a large meal
⑺ in honor of
⑻ celebrate a festival
⑼ get together
⑽ a lighted candle
勾劃句子:文中有些句子結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱,意義深刻,可指導(dǎo)學(xué)生背誦并懂得這些表達(dá)法:
⑴ The week following Christmas Day ,man is African-American families get together to greet …
⑵ The festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture ,a way to build a society,…
⑶ We must do as much as we can to make our community better…
⑷ Festivals help us understand who we are,…
附課堂練習(xí):
1. Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.(NMET 2004)
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
2. Often he _____sit for hours doing nothing at all when he was in no spirits.
A. should B. would C. could D. might
3. I _____walk to school , but now I go by bike.
A. used to B. is used to C. use to D. was used to
4. The poor boy is in danger, we should do all we ____help him out.
A. can do B. can to do C. can to D. can
5. The Shanghai you see today is quite a different city from what it ______.
A. was used to B. used to do C. was used to do D. used to be
6. The woman was _____by the man’s offers of marriage and stupidly gave him most of her money .
A. taken out B. taken in C. taken off D. taken on
7. Many students signed up for the ____ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.(2003上海春季)
A.800-metre-long B.800-metres-long C.800-metres-length D.800-metre-length
8. ______with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004 湖北)
A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared
9.—Who is the girl standing over there?
—Well, if you ______know , her name is Mabel .(2004天津)
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
10. What surprised me was not what he said, but _____he said it.(2004湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
單句改錯(cuò):
1. Because so much viewing , children may not develop the ability to enjoy themselves.
2. People celebrates Kwanzaa by light a candle each day.
3. We must do as much as we can make our homeland stronger and stronger.
4. Kwanzaa is a 7-days festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans.
5. Many teachers worry about the effects of television for young people.
總之,在閱讀教學(xué)中,盡可能根據(jù)文章及學(xué)生的實(shí)際靈活使用教學(xué)方法,堅(jiān)持整體教學(xué),廣泛閱讀,掌握一定的閱讀技巧,努力提高閱讀的能力及速度。
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