巧用語(yǔ)境中的并列關(guān)系
近幾年的完形填空題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)上下文的理解,要求考生通過(guò)語(yǔ)境來(lái)做出選擇!罢Z(yǔ)境能力型”試題具有相當(dāng)難度,因?yàn)樗膫(gè)選項(xiàng)在語(yǔ)法方面都能成立,錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)多半可以和空前、空后文字形成某種聯(lián)系,極具干擾和迷惑作用。但是如果我們能夠細(xì)心觀察,我們還是能夠巧用一些并列邏輯關(guān)系,立足語(yǔ)境,輕松解決一些較難的題目。下面我將介紹幾種利用并列關(guān)系巧解完形填空的方法。
一、利用近義詞線索來(lái)找詞語(yǔ)并列關(guān)系
在完形填空中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些并列詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾同一事物,而這些詞有著相同語(yǔ)體色彩和相近或相同的意義,常見(jiàn)詞有and,or等。如:
1.Have you ever had a day when everything seemed to go wrong,and nothing seemed to go right?
Not long ago I was having one of those days. I was ____ , weary and sad.
A. frightened B. discouraged
C. interrupted D. separated
根據(jù)空格后的兩個(gè)詞weary,sad可判斷所需填空的詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體色彩必須是冷性詞,所以排除C,D答案,因?yàn)樗鼈兪侵行栽~。在A和B中我們結(jié)合語(yǔ)境everything seemed to go wrong, and nothing seemed to go right知道,作者是講每件事都不順心,很別扭,讓人沮喪。所以A中frightened語(yǔ)義太過(guò)強(qiáng)烈,B才是正確答案。
又如:
2.It is astonishing that so little is known about mosquitoes, given the level of pain and____. A. diseases B. guilty
C. sorrow D. panic
同樣結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和并列關(guān)系詞pain,我們知道蚊子帶給我們的一定是身體上的危害,而B(niǎo),C,D則都是心理上的,故可排除,答案為A。
二、利用反義詞線索來(lái)找詞語(yǔ)并列關(guān)系
并列關(guān)系不一定都是相近或相同意義的詞,有時(shí)還會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些相反或相對(duì)意義的詞。常見(jiàn)標(biāo)志詞有and, or, instead of, but等。例如:
3. A group of young people gathered to discuss the poem society’s_____ and future.
A. work B. past C. time D. art
根據(jù)后面并列的詞語(yǔ)future可以知道要填的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)該和它是同一語(yǔ)義范圍的,即和poem society的發(fā)展歷史相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ),這樣答案就唯一了,只有C符合題意“詩(shī)歌協(xié)會(huì)的過(guò)去和將來(lái)”,“過(guò)去”“將來(lái)”形成一個(gè)相對(duì)意義的并列。
4.Someone had taken the diamond and put a faulty one in its place.
A. real B. pure C. right D. exact
同理,例4要填的詞應(yīng)該和and后面的詞faulty形成意義相反的并列關(guān)系,所以答案應(yīng)該為A。
三、利用不同的連接詞找句子并列關(guān)系
很多時(shí)候連接詞可以讓我們輕松找到句子之間的并列關(guān)系,這些并列關(guān)系也可分為意義相同和意義相反或相對(duì)兩種。表示意義相同或相近的常見(jiàn)連接詞有and, also, too, as well, what’s more, more over, further more,though, at the same time, instead等。
5.Besides young people, for whom debit cards are usually their first card, he said the debit card is also____ by some old people.
A. agreed B. proved
C. honored D. preferred
通過(guò)also可知前后兩個(gè)句子應(yīng)該存在并列關(guān)系,所以它們之間的語(yǔ)義應(yīng)該是相近或相同,要填的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)該和are usually their first card“首選(喜歡)”意義相同或相近,答案只能選D,意思是“偏愛(ài),喜歡”。
表示意義相反或相對(duì)的常見(jiàn)連接詞有but, however, while, on the contrary, oppositely等。例如:
6. I live in Albuquerque and I used to give much money to the homeless around, feeling sorry for their misfortune. But later I became a single mom with no home, a huge debt and hardly any income. As a result , I stopped giving and became very . A. angry B. hopeless
C. sensitive D. bitter
從句中but可以知道前后句意應(yīng)為相反或相對(duì)意義,根據(jù)前句I used to give much money to the homeless around,feeling sorry for their misfortune我們可推斷后面要填的詞意大概為“不同情,不施舍,缺乏愛(ài)心,不博大”等,故選擇D答案bitter“辛酸,刻薄”。
四、利用相同的或相近的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)找并列關(guān)系
有時(shí)盡管沒(méi)有明顯的連接詞,但是我們還可通過(guò)相同或相近的句子語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)找到并列關(guān)系,借以輕松找到正確選項(xiàng)。例如:
7. The ancient Greek thinker Diogenes said that there was only good, namely, knowledge; and only one ___, namely, ____. A. better B. best
C. nice D. evil
A. ignorance B. disbelief
C. laziness D. death
題中兩個(gè)句子之間的分號(hào)給我們信息:前后兩個(gè)句子應(yīng)該是一種特殊的并列關(guān)系,意義應(yīng)該相對(duì)或?qū)⒔。only one good為信息詞,only限制了good,形成了“絕對(duì)關(guān)系“,所以后面的部分不會(huì)再出現(xiàn)good 的同義詞或近義詞,那么空1應(yīng)選擇與good相反的詞。A, B, C都是體現(xiàn)好的方面的詞,只有D符合,evil的意思是“邪惡的”,即使你不知道這個(gè)詞的含義也可以使用排除法選出答案。第二題:跟在提出例證的轉(zhuǎn)折詞namely后面的詞,其作用是說(shuō)明前面的名詞的,既然good是knowledge,那么與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的evil后的詞應(yīng)該是與knowledge相對(duì)應(yīng)的反義詞ignorance“無(wú)知”。而disbelief是“不相信”,laziness是“懶惰”,death為“死亡”,都與原文不符。又如:
8. Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket, or returned over to the policeman? Should the change received at the store be forgotten or returned? Nobody will know except you. But you have to live with yourself, and it is always better to live with someone you respect.
A. extra B. small
C. some D. necessary
通過(guò)句中兩個(gè)問(wèn)號(hào)我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩個(gè)句子應(yīng)該可以構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系,它們的句意也應(yīng)該是相近或相反。根據(jù)第一句我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)要填的類容必須和Should the wallet, found in the street的意思相近,只有Should the extra change received at the store才和前面的意義相近,都是別人的錢,不是自己的錢。
總之,指通過(guò)分析句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,根據(jù)上下文的同義詞、環(huán)境、對(duì)比、因果轉(zhuǎn)折,前后順序,后面對(duì)前面的進(jìn)一步解釋,以及前對(duì)后的提示等關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)各種并列關(guān)系,猜出缺失的單詞,或猜出文中影響理解的生詞的含義,再結(jié)合文章的首句信息或文章的中心主題,得到正確的答案就是順理成章的事。
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