SCI英文論文寫作語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題
在SCI論文寫作過(guò)程中,語(yǔ)言表達(dá)對(duì)于英語(yǔ)非母語(yǔ)的作者來(lái)說(shuō),是非常容易出錯(cuò)的地方,以下是小編搜集整理的SCI英文論文寫作語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題,供大家閱讀參考。
時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)
英文表達(dá)有16種時(shí)態(tài),論文中要用到的時(shí)態(tài)主要有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。比如在介紹研究方法、分析某個(gè)問(wèn)題或提出某個(gè)論證時(shí),使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。在敘述對(duì)本人或他人近期的工作或認(rèn)識(shí)時(shí),采用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。敘述結(jié)論或提出建議時(shí),可使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)以及使用may, should, could等助動(dòng)詞。
例如,當(dāng)提到本文、此圖、此表等說(shuō)明了、表達(dá)了什么時(shí)要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),而不用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。This paper describes ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 shows ……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.
結(jié)論部分可以使用過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的研究成果,采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)表達(dá)未來(lái)的研究方向或研究前景。Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.
連接詞與邏輯
寫英文論文最常見的毛病是文章的邏輯不清楚,解決方法如下。
(1)注意句子上下連貫,不能讓句子獨(dú)立。
常見的連接詞有,However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好連接詞能使文章層次清楚,意思明確。寫完一段英文,最好首先檢查是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。
(2)注意段落布局的整體邏輯。
經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個(gè)問(wèn)題的幾個(gè)方面。在這種情況下,一定要注意文章整體的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個(gè)部份……Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involves……The second problem relates to……The third aspect deals with……清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述。也可以直接用First, Second, Third, Finally……當(dāng)然,F(xiàn)urthermore, in addition等可以用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
(3)討論部分的整體結(jié)構(gòu):小標(biāo)題是把問(wèn)題分為幾個(gè)片段的好方法。
討論部分包括:主要數(shù)據(jù)及其特征的總結(jié);主要結(jié)論及與前人觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比;本文的不足。
注意在文章討論部分不要刻意隱藏文章的缺陷,這是非常不明智的。雖然不足之處看起來(lái)不可取,但事實(shí)上給出不足反而是保護(hù)自己的文章的重要手段。
研究的問(wèn)題有點(diǎn)片面,討論時(shí)一定要說(shuō),It should be noted that this study has examined only……We concentrate (focus) on only……We have to point out that we do not……Some limitations of this study are……
結(jié)論有些不足,The results do not imply……The results can not be used to determine(or be taken as evidence of)……Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data……Our results are lack of……但指出這些不足之后,一定要馬上再次加強(qiáng)本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來(lái)解決這些不足,為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下伏筆。Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest……However, these problems could be solved if we consider……Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate……
一些常用詞匯用法
research, study, investigate:research可做名詞、動(dòng)詞,但通常做名詞用,很少見到動(dòng)詞的用法。句中需要?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)常用study或investigate來(lái)表達(dá)。
detail/detailed:The properties of this compound were studied in detail.//The detailed properties of this compound were studied.//The details of the properties of this compound were studied.
follows/following:The results are as follows: ……//We got following results: ……
increase, decrease:均可做名詞和動(dòng)詞,We can observe an increase in the reaction rate.//The reaction rate increases.
focus, concentrate:focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is ……This paper focuses on ……Our study focuses on ……We focus our study on ……Our study is focused on ……concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on ……Our study is concentrated on ……
effect, affect:effect: n. //affect: v.
compose, consist:A is composed of B and C.//A consists of B and C.
increase, improve:increase: 主要指數(shù)值上的增加。improve: 主要指性質(zhì)的'增加、改善。
寫作建議:
1.要寫好科研論文,必須先養(yǎng)成讀英文文章的習(xí)慣,爭(zhēng)取每天30-60分鐘。剛開始可以選擇以讀英文報(bào)紙、英文新聞為主,逐漸轉(zhuǎn)為讀專業(yè)雜志。我會(huì)在近期專門寫一篇博客文章介紹一套行之有效的增強(qiáng)讀專業(yè)雜志能力的辦法。
2.寫科研論文,最重要的是邏輯。邏輯的形成來(lái)自對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的總體分析。必須先討論出一套清晰的思路,然后按照思路來(lái)做圖(Figures),最后才能執(zhí)筆。
3.具體寫作時(shí),先按照思路(即Figures)寫一個(gè)以subheading為主的框架,然后開始具體寫作。第一稿,切忌追求每一句話的完美,更不要追求詞語(yǔ)的華麗,而主要留心邏輯(logic flow),注意前后句的邏輯關(guān)系、相鄰兩段的邏輯關(guān)系。寫作時(shí),全力以赴,盡可能不受外界事情干擾(關(guān)閉手機(jī)、座機(jī)),爭(zhēng)取在最短時(shí)間內(nèi)拿出第一稿。還要注意:一句話不可太長(zhǎng)。
4.學(xué)會(huì)照葫蘆畫瓢。沒(méi)有人天生會(huì)寫優(yōu)秀的科研論文,都是從別人那里學(xué)來(lái)的。學(xué)習(xí)別人的文章要注意專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的不同,有些領(lǐng)域(包括我所在的結(jié)構(gòu)生物學(xué))有它內(nèi)在的寫作規(guī)律?蒲形恼吕锏囊恍┰捠嵌ㄊ,比如 “To investigate the mechanism of …, we performed …”, “These results support the former, but not the latter, hypothesis …”, “Despite recent progress, how … remains to be elucidated …” 等等。用兩次以后,就逐漸學(xué)會(huì)靈活運(yùn)用了。在向別人學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),切忌抄襲。在美國(guó)一些機(jī)構(gòu),連續(xù)7個(gè)英文單詞在一起和別人的完全一樣,原則上就被認(rèn)為抄襲(plagiarism)。
5.第一稿寫完后,給自己不要超過(guò)一天的休息時(shí)間,開始修改第二稿。修改時(shí),還是以邏輯為主,但對(duì)每一句話都要推敲一下,對(duì)abstract和正文中的關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句要字斟句酌。學(xué)會(huì)用“Thesaurus”(同義詞替換)以避免過(guò)多重復(fù)。第二稿的修改極為關(guān)鍵,再往后就不會(huì)大改了。
6.第二稿以后的修改,主要注重具體的字句,不會(huì)改變整體邏輯了。投稿前,一定要整體讀一遍,對(duì)個(gè)別詞句略作改動(dòng)。記。簩W(xué)術(shù)期刊一般不會(huì)因?yàn)榫唧w的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤拒絕一篇文章,但一定會(huì)因?yàn)檫壿嫽靵y而拒絕一篇文章。
發(fā)表論文是一件值得高興的事情,但要明白:論文只是一個(gè)載體,是為了向同行們宣告你的科研發(fā)現(xiàn),是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域交流的重要工具。所以,在科研論文寫作時(shí),一定要謹(jǐn)記于心的就是:用最簡(jiǎn)單的話表達(dá)最明白的意思,但一定要邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)!其實(shí),中文和英文論文皆如此!
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