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7大醫(yī)學(xué)SCI論文英文寫作準則
不管是寫作中文論文還是其他的英語文章，我們都會因?qū)懽鞯膯栴}出現(xiàn)差錯，以下是小編搜集整理的7大醫(yī)學(xué)SCI論文英文寫作準則，歡迎閱讀查看。
No. 1 句子結(jié)構(gòu)——短句是準則
用清楚的英語書寫的文章更容易被發(fā)表，這一點需要牢記。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計，1600年，平均每個英文句子有40到60個單詞;1900年，平均每個英文句子有21個單詞;1970年，平均每個句子有17個單詞;而現(xiàn)在，平均每個英語句子只有12到17個單詞。由此可見，現(xiàn)代英語的發(fā)展趨勢是由繁至簡的。
中文寫作慣用長句，而英語，特別是科技英語，通常使用非常精煉的句子。短句是準則，使用簡短而表意清楚的句子并不顯得幼稚。
專業(yè)的英語作者使用短句。
No. 2 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)(物質(zhì))名詞
Posted 十二月 10th, 2007 by admin
單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(可以計數(shù)的事物)通常用冠詞修飾;復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有時用冠詞修飾。
不可數(shù)名詞(難以計數(shù)的事物;也稱物質(zhì)名詞)沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式;不可數(shù)名詞有時也用冠詞修飾。
首先要確定該名詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，然后考慮如何對這個名詞計數(shù)：
名詞：
sensor one sensor, two sensors, three sensors
mice one mouse, two mice, three mice
fish one fish, two fish, three fish
water one drop of water, two liters of water, three flasks of water
No. 3 逗號的正確使用方法
逗號是最難掌握的標點符號類型，逗號使用不當會改變句子的意思。在表示重要的和非重要的信息時，請多留意逗號的用法。
推薦用法：
The equipment that we used was made by the XX Company.
可行用法：
The equipment which we used was made by the XX Company.
錯誤用法：
The equipment, which we used, was made by the XX Company.
正確用法：
The equipment, which was made in Shanghai, was very expensive.
當你校對標點符號的使用時，要特別注意以下單詞：that、which和who;此時應(yīng)再次確認，此信息是重要信息還是是可以省略的多余信息。
如果此信息是重要的，切勿使用逗號。
如果此信息是附加的、不重要的，必須使用逗號。
No. 4 動詞時態(tài)
Posted 十二月 10th, 2007 by admin
一般過去時用于表示你所做過的事：
In this study, a number of functional and structural properties of sodium were compared to determine the underlying reason for the observed functional changes.
過去時通常用于描述研究的結(jié)果：
Assessment of size using standard denaturing gel conditions showed multiple bands whose size was consistent with discrete oligomeric forms of A.
一般現(xiàn)在時用于陳述事實：
Alzheimer's disease is a fatal progressive dementia.
一般現(xiàn)在時用于指代圖表內(nèi)容：
The amino acid sequence of the synthetic Vpu (1-40) peptides used in this study is shown in Figure 1A.
現(xiàn)在完成時用于指代持續(xù)有效的已經(jīng)進行過的研究或過去開始的現(xiàn)正正在進行的動作：
The current state of GPCR research has evolved in large measure from observations made in two parallel systems.
Jones et al have shown that …
檢查文章是否使用了正確的動詞時態(tài)：
介紹性的語言的時態(tài)應(yīng)該主要使用現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在完成時。
描述材料和方法的語言的時態(tài)應(yīng)該主要使用一般過去時。
對于結(jié)果和討論的描述，結(jié)果應(yīng)該主要使用過去時;而對于其他研究的觀察一般使用現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時。
No. 5 冠詞使用規(guī)則
定冠詞
“the”指代當前情況：We began the experiment;
the ”指代常識：The situation in Iraq is deteriorating;
the”指代之前提到的名詞：We tested a new measuring device and a new mixer. The new mixer worked well.
不定冠詞
“A/an”指代在前面沒有提到的名詞：
We planned anew experiment.
The fluid was separated with a centrifuge.
冠詞的使用取決于冠詞出現(xiàn)的上下文以及冠詞之后名詞的類型。什么時候使用“a/an”或者“the”(所有例句選自最近的ACS Chemical Biology)：
The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a major threat to human health, prompting interest in the exploration of new antibiotic targets.
Zinc is the second most abundant “trace” element in the body. This metal ion is vital
for normal cellular function as a cofactor in numerous enzymes, in transcription factors, in the immune system, and in the reproductive system.
These data provided solid evidence that the observed IgG antibody response is T-cell dependen
No. 6 詞首字母大小寫問題
關(guān)于地名和地理學(xué)術(shù)語如何正確大寫的問題。因為中文不牽涉大寫問題，所以中文母語的作者可能會有點迷惑。其實大寫問題對于英語母語的作者而言也不太容易理順。大寫問題雖然棘手，但是下面的小貼士會對您有所幫助。
一般而言定義明確的地區(qū)的首寫字母要大寫，以下是The Economist Style Guide的建議：
“Use upper case for definite geographical places, regions, areas and countries, and for vague but recognised political or geographical areas…lower case for east, west, north, south except when part of a name.”
(大寫用于明確的地理學(xué)位置、地區(qū)、區(qū)域、國家以及模糊但是被認可的行政或地理區(qū)域east, west, north, south等用小寫，但當他們是名稱一部分的時候除外。)
這條通用法則也適用于地球表面的地帶，如North Temperate Zone, the Equator等。
以下是更多法則：
通常而言，指南針上的方位(如north, southeast等)和形容詞(如western, central, upper, lower等)不需要大寫
專有名詞中的一般地理學(xué)名詞需要首字母大寫，如Atlantic Ocean, Mt. Muztagata等
首字母大寫的地理學(xué)名詞之后的一般術(shù)語不需要大寫，如Yangtze River valley
名詞復(fù)數(shù)要小寫，如Gobi and Taklamakan deserts
“the”只有在其為正式地名一部分的時候才大寫，如The Bahamas, the Netherlands
關(guān)于某個地名如果你不清楚正確的大寫方法，你可以在Google Scholar上搜索一下。多數(shù)人的意見不見得正確，但是可以給你一些關(guān)于正確大寫的線索。請記住，你寫作的目的是要清楚地表述你的科研成果。注意正確的 大寫不僅僅是為了遵守某些專斷的規(guī)則，你的論文需要正確運用大寫的原因是，給讀者一個關(guān)于你的采集地的更精確的概念，特別是當他們還不熟悉你的研究領(lǐng)域的 時候。
以下是一些地理學(xué)術(shù)語例子，告訴你哪些需要大寫而哪些不需要：
Upper case (大寫)
1. East Asia 2. South-East Asia 3. Central Asia 4. Central America
2. North Korea 3. South Africa 4. the North Atlantic 5. the Middle East
6. The Arctic 7. The Hague 8. The Gambia
Lower case (小寫)
1. central Europe 2. western China 3. southern Beijing
4. western Mongolia 5. eastern Africa 6. northern North Korea
7. the central Gobi 8. the lower Yangtze River 9. the Philippines
購買The Columbia Gazetteer of the World(點擊此鏈接可免費試用)或者Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary可能會對你有所幫助。
參考書目：
The Economist Style Guide, Capitalization - Places
Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. Scientific Style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006. Section 9.7.3, Pg. 120
No. 7 常見易混單詞
英語中有許多對單詞很容易混淆。此貼士主要討論拼寫相近而意義不同單詞，或者充當不同詞性的單詞。
在看常用易混單詞的釋義之前，請先做以下小測試檢驗一下自己的知識。答案解答在頁末。
affect = A, effect = B, capability = C, capacity = D, continually = E, continuous = F, adverse = G, aversion = H
1. The _______ conditions caused by the hurricane prevented the plane from taking off.
2. Despite the skill of its employees, the small factory did not have the ________ to produce large amounts of goods.
3. The _________ noise of the waves crashing on the beach was very relaxing.
4. Luckily, the medicine did not adversely ______ the patient.
5. Because he had not received any training, John did not have the __________ to repair the complicated machinery.
6. Many scientists believe that global warming is the ______ of greenhouse-gas emissions.
7. Because of she is a vegetarian, Susan had an ________ to the idea of going to the Korean Barbeque restaurant.
8. The website is ___________ updated.
常見易混單詞列表
1. capability/capacity
capability: a certain ability, the quality of being capable, a potential aptitude.
capacity: the ability to contain; the volume or amount that fits in a certain container.
2. compliment/complement
complement: a worthy addition (n.)
(e.g., The girl’s pink cheeks were the perfect complement to her dark eyes.)
compliment: to praise (v.); a piece of praise (n.)
(e.g., The girl accepted the compliment with a shy blush.)
3. trial/trail
This is often the result of a simple typing error.
trial: a tryout or experiment to test quality, value, or usefulness of something (e.g., clinical trial). It also refers to the number of repetitions of an experiment.
trail: a marked or established path or route, or a course followed or to be followed (e.g., mountain trail).
4. intercellular/intracellular
intercellular: located between cells
intracellular: occurring or situated within a cell or cells (e.g., intracellular fluid).
5. principal/principle
principal (adjective): chief, main, leading, most important.
principal (noun): the most important person or group of people ("After much debate, the two principals reached an agreement"); the head of a school (the principal person in the administration); borrowed money (as distinct from interest).
principle (always a noun): a rule, standard, law, guideline, or doctrine.
6. adverse/averse
adverse: bad, opposed
(e.g., Benjamin ate zongzi every day for lunch and suffered no adverse effects.)
averse: feeling unwilling; experiencing distaste
(e.g., Benjamin’s mother was averse to the idea of an all-zongzi lunch.)
7. affect/effect
affect (verb): “to influence”
(e.g., Xiao Wang’s wild partying on Thursday night affected his performance on the history test.)
effect (noun): “result”
(e.g., Xiao Wang’s wild partying on Thursday night had a terrible effect on his performance on the history test.)
8. continually/continuously
continual: repeatedly (e.g., For two weeks, the travelers continually went on trips to the Great Wall.)
continuous: without interruption (e.g., The flow of water is continuous.)
9. criterion/criteria
criterion: singular form (e.g., one criterion)
criteria: plural form (e.g., some criteria)
10. ensure/insure
ensure: “to make sure or certain”
insure: “to guarantee with insurance against risk or loss of life”
*However, in American English, “insure” can be used for both of these meanings.
References:
參考答案: 1) G 2) D 3)F 4) A 5) C 6) B 7) H 8) E
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