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薩特有沒有倫理學(xué)?
[摘要];薩特是當(dāng)代法國著名家,他的哲學(xué)代表作《存在與虛無》最全面最完整地闡明了他的早期哲學(xué)思想。他曾萌生寫一部倫著作的念頭,并在此后的生涯中陸續(xù)寫下許多倫理學(xué)的筆記?墒堑筋^來,這部倫理學(xué)著作并未面世。這就引發(fā)了薩特的者對他到底有沒有倫理學(xué)思想和對倫理學(xué)有沒有特殊貢獻(xiàn)的討論。本文援引了西方哲學(xué)界的一些薩特學(xué)者對這一的看法,并發(fā)表了自己的觀點(diǎn)?偟囊庖娛牵翰荒茌p言薩特沒有倫理學(xué),我們可以依據(jù)散見于他的各種著作文章中的倫理學(xué)思想,建構(gòu)起他的倫理學(xué)。本文還對薩特倫理學(xué)思想的特色作了。;
[關(guān)鍵詞];薩特|倫理學(xué)|個人自由|自由;;;
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薩特沒有出版他在《存在與虛無》一書末尾向世人宣告準(zhǔn)備寫的一部倫理學(xué)巨著,這是事實;可是,;他確實為寫作這部著作作了大量的準(zhǔn)備工作,寫下了一大摞倫理學(xué)筆記,這也是事實。兩件事實擺在一塊兒,我們應(yīng)該得出怎樣的結(jié)論?薩特,歸根結(jié)底,有沒有他獨(dú)特的倫理學(xué)理論?;
在西方哲學(xué)界,薩特的評論家和批評者對這個問題有著熱烈的爭論。薩特生前,無論成文的倫理學(xué)著作,還是大綱,仰或手稿都未見諸于世,所以爭論集中在如下的問題上:假如薩特有時間寫倫理學(xué)一書,他有無可能創(chuàng)建成體系的倫理學(xué)?根據(jù)薩特遺留的著作文章中的倫理學(xué)論述,構(gòu)建他的倫理學(xué)有無可能?一些專家認(rèn)為這種構(gòu)建薩特倫理學(xué)的嘗試是不可能的,這種不可能性來自薩特哲學(xué)本身內(nèi)在的矛盾沖突。他們指出,薩特在《存在與虛無》中所持的本體論立場毀掉了他的倫理學(xué)的可能性;另一些學(xué)者則主張,要使薩特的倫理學(xué)有可能重建,必須徹底塵封他的早期思想,將這一倫理學(xué)建立在他的晚期著作的基礎(chǔ)上;還有一些薩特研究者提出,從薩特遺留的著作文章看,薩特倫理學(xué)的大致輪廓還是依稀可辨的,因此有可能通過充實和細(xì)化,使這一輪廓變得清晰、明朗、豐滿;最后一種觀點(diǎn)則堅持,雖然薩特有許多引人入勝的關(guān)于倫理學(xué)的談話、文章和筆記發(fā)表,但是,從總體上說,這些精彩的思想火花和靈感是零碎不全的,全面的分析和最后的歸納依然缺乏,不足以立起一座倫理學(xué)大廈。;
以上大相徑庭的觀點(diǎn)可以概括為兩個問題:第一,我們心目中的薩特倫理學(xué),是否應(yīng)建立在他在《存在與虛無》中所表述的本體論上?如果是,那么他早期的本體論認(rèn)為人的本性是絕對自由的,這一觀點(diǎn)同他后來的“人的自由受到社會條件的制約,因此人不是絕對自由的”觀點(diǎn)相矛盾。關(guān)鍵的問題在于薩特后期保留還是放棄了他早期的本體論。如果薩特直到去世仍然抱著他的早期本體論觀點(diǎn)舍不得放下,他的新倫理學(xué)就不可能誕生,否則,我們就得去探索作為他的新倫理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的新本體論。而薩特遺留的文稿表明,他并沒有創(chuàng)立新的本體論。第二,根據(jù)散見于薩特所有的文章著作中的倫理學(xué)論述,能否足以形成薩特倫理學(xué)的理論體系?或者是,即使薩特有一些倫理學(xué)觀點(diǎn),它們也是零碎不全的,因此,系統(tǒng)的薩特倫理學(xué)是無法想象和建構(gòu)起來的。;
許多薩特的批評者認(rèn)為薩特早期在《存在與虛無》中提出的本體論,阻礙了他形成有生命力的倫理學(xué)。只有徹底背棄這個本體論,擁抱另一個本體論,才能為他的倫理學(xué)奠定一個堅實的基礎(chǔ)。由于我們沒有見到薩特另一個系統(tǒng)的本體論,所以這使得薩特的倫理學(xué)不可能。;瑪麗.沃呶克(MaryWarnock)、華特.歐岱尼克;(Walter;Odajnyk);和威爾福瑞德.迪僧;(Wilfrid;Desan);就是持這種觀點(diǎn)的代表人物。然而,另一些人不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。托馬斯.安德生(Thomas;C.;Anderson)說:那些否定薩特本體論的批評者“有著對薩特本體論的誤解”。他相信,“一旦薩特的本體論被正確地理解,雖然不是全部,但是許多困難能被解決…總而言之,更準(zhǔn)確地說,作為薩特倫理學(xué)的真正基礎(chǔ),薩特早期的本體論對于他的倫理學(xué)的,不是一個很大的障礙。”安德生承認(rèn)在出版《存在與虛無》之后的三十年內(nèi),薩特在許多方面修正了他的早期倫理學(xué)。然而,他沒有指明“在那個時期,薩特的倫理觀點(diǎn)有哪些本質(zhì)變化。”薩特主要在20世紀(jì)40年代的著作中建立起來的倫理學(xué)“之大部仍然建立在他的早期本體論上”。;[1];
Is;re;a;Sartrean;Ethics?;
It;is;a;fact;that;Sartre;did;not;publish;his;work;of;ethics,;;he;made;an;announcement;at;the;very;end;of;his;philosophical;work;Being;and;Nothingness.;It;is;also;a;fact,;however,;Sartre;had;prepared;a;pile;of;notebooks;for;this;ethics.;Combining;these;two;facts;together,;what;conclusion;should;we;make?;Sartre,;in;the;final;analysis,;is;there;his;unique;and;creative;ethical;theory?;
There;have;been;many;heated;debates;on;this;question;among;commentators;and;critics;of;Sartre’s;works;throughout;the;world.;Neither;an;ethics;nor;even;a;draft;or;an;outline;of;such;an;ethics;appeared;in;print;during;his;lifetime.;Hence;much;of;these;debates;focused;on;questions;such;as:;Is;a;Sartrean;ethics;possible,;assuming;he;had;time;to;write;it?;Is;it;possible;to;formulate;his;ethics;from;the;works;he;has;left;us?;Some;scholars;have;maintained;that;such;a;project;was;inherently;impossible;because;of;internal;difficulties;within;Sartre’s;philosophy.;They;have;claimed;that;the;ontological;positions;of;Being;and;Nothingness;undermine;its;possibility.;Others;have;held;that;a;Sartrean;ethics;is;possible,;but;only;if;one;abandons;his;earlier;position;and;bases;this;ethics;on;his;later;works.;Still;others;have;indicated;the;general;outlines;of;an;ethics;that;are;discernible;in;Sartre’s;works,;arguing;that;these;can;be;filled;in;in;detail.;A;final;position;is;that;even;though;Sartre;does;have;many;interesting;discussions,;essays,;and;notes;that;relate;to;ethics,;any;overall;synthesis;is;lacking;and;in;the;final;analysis,;unattainable.;
The;above;different;opining;can;be;reduced;to;two;questions:;First,;is;Sartre’s;ethics,;which;we;believe;there;is;one,;based;on;his;ontology;set;forth;in;Being;and;Nothingness?;If;it;is,;his;earlier;ontological;views;maintain;that;human;beings;are;absolutely;free;in;nature.;It;would;contradicts;his;later;ethical;view;that;human;beings;are;not;absolutely;free,;for;his;freedom;is;restricted;by;the;society.;The;crucial;point;here;is;that;whether;Sartre;had;been;kept;or;abandoned;his;earlier;ontology;in;his;later;life.;If;Sartre;had;maintained;his;earlier;ontology;till;the;end;of;his;life,;his;neo-ethics;would;not;have;possibly;come;into;being.;Otherwise,;we;have;to;find;a;new;ontology;for;the;foundation;of;this;neo-ethics.;Secondly,;Are;Sartre’s;ethical;points,;supposedly;there;are,;can;be;formed;a;sketch;of;Sartrean;ethics,;from;all;the;literatures;of;Sartre?;Or,;even;through;Sartre;did;have;some;ethical;points;of;view,;they;are;mere;bits;and;pieces.;In;general;a;systematic;ethics;is;not;imaginable;and;formable.;
Many;of;his;critics;have;held;that;his;early;ontology;as;developed;in;Being;and;Nothingness;prevented;him;from;proposing;a;viable;ethics;that;it;is;only;by;repudiating;this;ontology;and;embracing;another;that;he;could;find;a;proper;foundation;for;morality.;Since;Sartre;does;not;have;another;ontological;work,;this;opinion;leads;to;the;conclusion;that;Sartre’s;ethics;is;impossible.;Mary;Warnock,;Walter;Odajnyk,;and;Wilfrid;Desan;are;representatives;of;this;position.;,;many;others;have;disagreed;with;such;a;view.;Thomas;C.;Anderson;declares;that;those;critics;who;deny;Sartre’s;ontology;are;“rooted;in;misunderstandings;of;Sartre’s;ontology.”;He;believes;that;“once;the;ontology;is;understood;correctly,;many,;though;not;all,;of;these;difficulties;can;be;resolved….;It;is;more;accurate;to;say;that;on;balance;Sartre’s;early;ontology;is;not;so;much;an;obstacle;to;the;development;of;his;ethics;as;it;is;its;very;foundation.”;Anderson;concedes;that;it;is;true;that;Sartre;modified;his;early;ontology;in;a;number;of;areas;in;the;thirty;years;after;the;publication;of;Being;and;Nothingness.;However,;he;has;not;given;any;indication;that;“his;moral;positions;have;changed;in;essentials;over;that;period.”;The;ethical;theory,;which;was;set;forth;primarily;in;works;written;in;the;1940s,;“remains;for;most;part;founded;on;the;early;ontology.”[1];
Thomas;W.;Busch;reports;that;in;the;film;Sartre;by;Himself,;Michel;Contat;asked;Sartre;if;he;ever;looked;back;upon;the;approximately;thirty;volumes;of;his;works;in;order;to;seize;what;unifying;thread;there;is;throughout;them.;Sartre;replied;that;there;was;one;even;though;he;had;never;tried;to;look;for;it.;“Philosophy”;would;be;the;only;unity;there;among;all;the;different;books.;Busch;concludes:;“In;terms;of;philosophy;it;would;appear;that;for;Sartre;freedom;would;be;the;obvious;unifying;concept.”[2];Although;on;that;subject;Sartre;admitted;that;he;had;made;considerable;changes,;his;remarks;prove;that;he;still;regarded;his;early;theory;as;a;part;of;the;whole;unifying;thread;that;runs;through;his;later;works.;Busch,;like;Anderson,;also;claims;that;Sartre’s;early;philosophy;has;often;been;misinterpreted:;“Sartre’s;philosophy;has;been,;from;the;beginning,;much;misunderstood.;Forth-five;years;after;its;publication;Being;and;Nothingness;is;still;misread.”[3];
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