康�？h土地利用與土壤侵蝕關(guān)系研究

【中文摘要】 土地利用/土地覆蓋變化是國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界當(dāng)前研究的熱點(diǎn)之一,探索未來(lái)土地利用變化情景及其環(huán)境效應(yīng)是研究的重點(diǎn)。土壤侵蝕是指在水力、風(fēng)力、重力、凍融以及其它外營(yíng)力作用下土壤、土壤母質(zhì)及其它地面組成物質(zhì)如巖屑、松散巖層等,被破壞、剝蝕、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、沉積的過(guò)程。土壤侵蝕是造成地表水土流失的直接原因,也是我國(guó)國(guó)土整治的主要目標(biāo)和任務(wù)之一。土地利用方式可以明顯地影響徑流和土壤侵蝕,人類不合理的土地利用是水土流失發(fā)生的主要原因之一。本文以位于北方農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)帶的康�？h為例,對(duì)縣域尺度空間范圍土地利用格局與土壤侵蝕關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析。通過(guò)地理信息系統(tǒng)和遙感技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,可以使土壤侵蝕的分類、分級(jí)與一定空間位置的某一地塊相對(duì)應(yīng),分析土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度與土地利用的關(guān)系,從而從整體上把握土壤侵蝕特征,為科學(xué)決策提供可靠依據(jù)�？当？h土壤侵蝕以風(fēng)力侵蝕和水力侵蝕為主。本文根據(jù)水利部頒布的《土壤侵蝕分類分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(1997),參考有關(guān)學(xué)者提出的土壤風(fēng)蝕強(qiáng)度分級(jí)指標(biāo),構(gòu)建研究區(qū)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度分類分級(jí)指標(biāo)體系,運(yùn)用GIS和RS技術(shù)提取土地利用現(xiàn)狀、坡度、植被覆蓋度、土壤質(zhì)地等信息,并按土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度分類分級(jí)指標(biāo)體系將各個(gè)信息進(jìn)行疊加得到冀北地區(qū)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度分級(jí)分類圖,然后將土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖與土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度圖疊加得到不同土地利用類型的土壤侵蝕圖。探求研究區(qū)土地利用變化與土壤侵蝕的關(guān)系。主要內(nèi)容包括:(1)首先闡述了土壤侵蝕和土地利用有關(guān)概念的涵義、研究?jī)?nèi)容、研究進(jìn)展及RS、GIS技術(shù)在這方面的應(yīng)用。(2)應(yīng)用遙感與地理信息系統(tǒng)技術(shù),利用多種信息源,提取進(jìn)行土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度分類分級(jí)的所需的多個(gè)指標(biāo),在研究區(qū)土地利用數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合地貌、植被、土壤侵蝕、坡度、土壤質(zhì)地等自然影響因子,構(gòu)建了康�？h土地利用空間格局。(3)在已有的(2000年)康�？h土地利用現(xiàn)狀數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用遙感與地理信息系統(tǒng)技術(shù)結(jié)合2005年的遙感數(shù)據(jù),制成2005年土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖。研究表明,研究區(qū)是土地退化問(wèn)題十分嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域。不同土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度下的土地利用特征不同。研究區(qū)土壤侵蝕以中度為主,占土地總面積的34.59%;其次為輕度侵蝕,占土地總面積的29.59%,隨著侵蝕強(qiáng)度的增加,土壤侵蝕面積迅速減少。北部低山丘陵區(qū)、東部緩坡丘陵區(qū)和中南部波狀平原區(qū)的土壤侵蝕程度存在較明顯的區(qū)域差異。北部低山丘陵區(qū)以中度侵蝕為主,占土地總面積的39.59%,其次為輕度侵蝕,占土地總面積的34.68%;東部緩坡丘陵區(qū)以輕度侵蝕為主,占土地總面積的41.52%,其次為中度侵蝕,占土地總面積的35.44%;中南部波狀平原區(qū)以輕度、中度侵蝕為主,占土地總面積的27.01%、25.22%。東部緩坡丘陵區(qū)侵蝕影響的土地比例最高,土地侵蝕強(qiáng)度在輕度及以上,占土地總面積的92.17%;北部低山丘陵區(qū)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度最大,中度及其以上侵蝕強(qiáng)度的土地面積占該區(qū)土地總面積的52.55%�？当？h不同土地利用土壤侵蝕程度以耕地最為嚴(yán)重,以中度以上為主;林地的侵蝕也較為嚴(yán)重,以輕度以下為主;草地侵蝕相對(duì)較小,以輕度以上為主。但草場(chǎng)質(zhì)量退化嚴(yán)重,這表明草地受到較為嚴(yán)重的土壤侵蝕。草地是我國(guó)農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)帶主要土地利用類型,它的土壤侵蝕嚴(yán)重對(duì)區(qū)域的生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不利影響。未利用地輕度以上的侵蝕占73.43%,這表明康�？h中未利用土地的土壤侵蝕沒(méi)有得到有效的治理。

【英文摘要】 At present,land use / land cover change is an international academic research, and exploring future scenarios of land use change and its environmental effect is the focus of the study . Soil erosion is the process of soil, the soil parent material and the composition of other substances such as ground-based debris, loose rock, etc. being damaged, erosion operation, and deposition, under the forces of hydro, wind, gravity, freezing and thawing and others. Soil erosion is the direct cause of surface Soil & Water Lost, and also the main goals and tasks of land improvement . Land use patterns ? significantly affect the runoff and soil erosion, and unreasonable human land use is the main reasons of water and soil lost. In this paper, taking Kangbao County as an example ,located in the northern farming-pastoral zone , the scope of county-scale spatial pattern of land use and soil erosion relationship are analyzed. The application of geographic information systems and remote sensing technology will enable the classification and grade of soil erosion, a certain spatial location that corresponds to a plot, and an analysis of soil erosion and land use intensity. And thus we can grasp the overall features of soil erosion to provide a reliable scientific basis for decision-making. Soil Erosion in Kangbao County is dominated by wind erosion and water erosion. In this paper, according to "standards of classification and grading soil erosion" (1997) issued by the Ministry of Water Resources, refer to indicators of soil erosion intensity classification put forward by the scholars, the classification and grading soil erosion intensity index system of the study area is built. and then the use of GIS and RS technology, extracting the status quo of land use, slope, vegetation coverage, soil texture and other information, and soil erosion intensity index system of classification and grading information will be superimposed to get graded intensity classification maps of all areas of soil erosion in northern Hebei , and further land use maps and soil erosion intensity map will be superimposed to obtain soil erosion map of different types of land-use, to explore the relationship between land-use change and soil erosion.The main contents include:(1) First of all, this paper will expound the concept of soil erosion and land use , meaning of the study, research progress and RS, GIS technology in this area.(2) By applying remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, using multiple sources of information, extracting the required number of indicators of soil erosion intensity classification and grading, based on data of land use in the study, on the combination of topography, vegetation, soil erosion, degree of slope, soil texture, rainfall and other natural effects of factors, to build a spatial pattern of land use of Kangbao County.(3) Based on the existing (2000) Kangbao County land use data, applying remote sensing data in 2005 from the combination of remote sensing and geographic information systems technology to make land use maps in 2005.Studies have shown that land degradation of the study area is a very serious. The land with Different intensity of soil erosion has different land-use characteristics. Soil erosion of the study area is moderate mainly, making up 34.59% of the total land area; followed by mild erosion, making up29.59% of the total land area. With the erosion intensity increases, soil erosion area will reduce rapidly.Northern Hilly areas, eastern gentle hilly area and central southern gentle wavy plain areas have different regional extent of soil erosion. Northern Hilly areas has main moderate erosion, the total land area of 39.59 percent, followed by mild erosion, of the total land area of 34.68%; eastern gentle hilly area exists mild erosion, mainly of the total land area of 41.52%, followed by moderate erosion, the total land area of 35.44%; Central southern gentle wavy plain areas has moderate and minor erosion mainly, of the total land area of 27.01%, 25.22%. Gentle slope erosion in eastern hilly region makes the highest proportion of affected land, land erosion intensity in the mild and more , of the total land area of 92.17%; the northern hilly area of soil erosion intensity, moderate intensity and above, the area of land erosion accounts for the total land area of 52.55%.Kangbao County Land Use different degree of soil erosion of arable land is the most serious, above moderate degree; the erosion of forest land is also more serious, mainly in more than mild degree; grassland erosion is relatively small, mainly in less than mild. However, serious pasture degradation indicates that the grass is eroded more seriously. Grassland is China's major land use types in farming-pastoral zone, and its serious soil erosion has a negative impact on the regional ecological environment. Unused land for slightly erosion accounted for more than 73.43 percent; this shows that Kangbao County land use for slightly erosion control has not been effective.

【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 康保縣; 土地利用; 土壤侵蝕; 遙感
【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 Kangbao County; land use; soil erosion; remote sensing
【畢業(yè)論文目錄】
摘要 6-8
Abstract 8-9
第一章 緒論 10-18
    1.1 選題背景及研究意義 10-12
    1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外土壤侵蝕評(píng)價(jià)研究進(jìn)展 12-16
        1.2.1 土壤侵蝕相關(guān)概念 12-14
        1.2.2 國(guó)內(nèi)土壤侵蝕評(píng)價(jià)研究進(jìn)展 14-15
        1.2.3 國(guó)外土壤侵蝕評(píng)價(jià)研究進(jìn)展 15-16 
    1.3 土地利用與土壤侵蝕關(guān)系研究現(xiàn)狀 16-18
第二章 研究?jī)?nèi)容、方法和技術(shù)路線 18-23
    2.1 研究?jī)?nèi)容 18
    2.2 研究方法和技術(shù)路線 18-21
        2.2.1 土地利用信息提取 18-20
        2.2.2 土壤侵蝕信息提取 20
        2.2.3 土地利用與土壤侵蝕數(shù)據(jù)整合 20-21
    2.3 技術(shù)路線 21-23
第三章 研究區(qū)概況及數(shù)據(jù)處理 23-41
    3.1 研究區(qū)概況 23-27
        3.1.1 自然地理背景 24-26
        3.1.2 經(jīng)濟(jì)概況 26
        3.1.3 農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)的劃分 26-27
    3.2 土地利用信息的提取 27-32
        3.2.1 七波段彩色合成 27
        3.2.2 影像矯正 27-28
        3.2.3 檢驗(yàn)校對(duì)影像的誤差大小 28
        3.2.4 研究區(qū)土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖的生成 28-32
    3.3 土壤侵蝕信息提取 32-41
        3.3.1 坡度信息提取 33-35
        3.3.2 植被覆蓋度信息提取 35-37
        3.3.3 土壤質(zhì)地信息提取 37-39
        3.3.4 土壤侵蝕分類分級(jí)圖的生成 39-41
第四章 土地利用與土壤侵蝕的關(guān)系 41-51
    4.1 土地利用類型面積變化分析 41
    4.2 土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度結(jié)果分析 41-44
    4.3 土地利用變化與土壤侵蝕的關(guān)系分析 44-49
    4.4 分區(qū)整治對(duì)策 49-51
第五章 結(jié)論與不足 51-53
    5.1 結(jié)論 51-52
    5.2 本研究存在的不足 52-53
參考文獻(xiàn) 53-58
致謝 58-59

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